Two reasons are as given below.: (i) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. Thus, to win in a constituency, a candidate has to secure votes of other castes and communities. Caste plays an important role but voters of other castes and communities are eqRead more
Two reasons are as given below.:
(i) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. Thus, to win in a constituency, a candidate has to secure votes of other castes and communities. Caste plays an important role but voters of other castes and communities are equally important for a candidate to win in the election.
(ii) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community because sometimes there are more than one candidate of the same caste fighting ‘election’ on the ticket of different parties or as an independent candidate. When we speak of ‘vote bank’, it only implies that a particular party or candidate may secure maximum votes of a caste or community” Thus, caste alone cannot determine election results in India’
Different forms of communal politics are as given below: (i) Everyday beliefs: Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religions are very common and we often fail to notice them. (ii) Majoritarian dominance : A majority coRead more
Different forms of communal politics are as given below:
(i) Everyday beliefs: Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions are very common and we often fail to notice them.
(ii) Majoritarian dominance : A majority community tries to dominate other communities in politics. This may compel the minority community to form a separate political unit. For example, in Sri Lanka, majoritarianism has been followed which has resulted in conflict in the country.
(iii) Political mobilisation on religious lines: Religious appeals are made to voters to attract their votes. Sometimes sacred symbols and religious leaders are used to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena. Religious leaders are asked to propagate in favour of a political party. Emotional appeals are made on the basis of religion. For example, BJP uses its card of Hindutva at the elections to attract Hindu voters. Ram Janambhumi and construction of Ram Temple is another such example.
(iv) Communal violence riots and massacre: Sometimes communalism leads to violence, riots and massacre as it happened at the time of partition in 1947. Even after independence riots on communal lines have taken place as in Gujarat.
Thus, communal politics can take different forms in a country.
Sexual difference is biological but gender difference s sociological. Woman on the basis of gender have always been discriminated in almost all the societies of the world including India. Different aspects of life in which woman are discriminated or disadvantaged in India are as given below: (i) EduRead more
Sexual difference is biological but gender difference s sociological. Woman on the basis of gender have always been discriminated in almost all the societies of the world including India. Different aspects of life in which woman are discriminated or disadvantaged in India are as given below:
(i) Education: (a) Women are deprived of an equal access to education. Thus, the literacy rate among women in only 54 per cent as compared to 76 per cent among men. (b) A smaller proportion of girl student go for higher education because parents prefer to spend money on their rather than spending equally on both sons and daughters.
(ii) Discrimination in remuneration or salary: The number of women on highly paid job is less than men Women are discrimination in job opportunities as well as in appointment among highly paid and valued jobs. Under Equal Wages should be paid for equal work. In practice almost ln every sphere, women are paid less than man even when both do exactly the same work.
(iii) Preference for sons: Even now in many parts of Indian, parents prefer to have sons. There are cases where girl child is aborted before she is born. Due to sex-ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 850 or 800 in some places.
(iv) Cases harassment, exploitation and violence: Women are exploited by their employers. They are sexually assaulted at homes. They are not safe during their journey at night. They are subjected to various forms of domestic violence. such as beating and harassment.
(a) Before establishing political power, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods for exports due to tough competition with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. The weaver and the supply merchants used to sell the produce to the best buyer. But onceRead more
(a) Before establishing political power, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods for exports due to tough competition with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. The weaver and the supply merchants used to sell the produce to the best buyer. But once the company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. Therefore, the East India company took the following steps:
(l) It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(ii) It prevented Company weaver from dealing with other buyers by system of advances because the weavers who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha.
(b) Results : The condition of weavers became bad. They took advances to earn more. In the process they had to devote all their time to weaving and had to lease out their small plots of land’ The weavers had to sell their cloth only to the Company. They could not bargain” The prices they got were low and the advances tied them to the Company. At many places weavers deserted villages and migrated to other villages. Some took to agricultural labour
(a) Causes: Following were the causes for breaking down of the network of export trade: (l) The European companies gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts (rulers or officials). (ii) They got the monopoly rights to trade. (iii) European companies started their operationsRead more
(a) Causes: Following were the causes for breaking down of the network of export trade:
(l) The European companies gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts (rulers or officials).
(ii) They got the monopoly rights to trade.
(iii) European companies started their operations from new ports of Bombay and Calcutta.
(iv) Trade through the new ports was controlled by the European companies and was carried in European ships.
(b) Effects: (i) Old ports of Surat and Hoogly declined.
(ii) Exports from these ports fell, the credit that had financed the earlier trade dried up and the local bankers went bankrupt. The gross value of trade at Surat fell from ` 16 million in the last years of the seventeenth century to ` 3 million in 1740s.
(iii) Export from Bombay and Calcutta grew with the growth of colonial power. Trade was now controlled by European companies and was carried out in European ships.
(iv) It also led to collapse of old trading houses.
State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
Two reasons are as given below.: (i) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. Thus, to win in a constituency, a candidate has to secure votes of other castes and communities. Caste plays an important role but voters of other castes and communities are eqRead more
Two reasons are as given below.:
See less(i) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. Thus, to win in a constituency, a candidate has to secure votes of other castes and communities. Caste plays an important role but voters of other castes and communities are equally important for a candidate to win in the election.
(ii) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community because sometimes there are more than one candidate of the same caste fighting ‘election’ on the ticket of different parties or as an independent candidate. When we speak of ‘vote bank’, it only implies that a particular party or candidate may secure maximum votes of a caste or community” Thus, caste alone cannot determine election results in India’
State different forms of communal politics with one example each.
Different forms of communal politics are as given below: (i) Everyday beliefs: Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religions are very common and we often fail to notice them. (ii) Majoritarian dominance : A majority coRead more
Different forms of communal politics are as given below:
See less(i) Everyday beliefs: Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions are very common and we often fail to notice them.
(ii) Majoritarian dominance : A majority community tries to dominate other communities in politics. This may compel the minority community to form a separate political unit. For example, in Sri Lanka, majoritarianism has been followed which has resulted in conflict in the country.
(iii) Political mobilisation on religious lines: Religious appeals are made to voters to attract their votes. Sometimes sacred symbols and religious leaders are used to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena. Religious leaders are asked to propagate in favour of a political party. Emotional appeals are made on the basis of religion. For example, BJP uses its card of Hindutva at the elections to attract Hindu voters. Ram Janambhumi and construction of Ram Temple is another such example.
(iv) Communal violence riots and massacre: Sometimes communalism leads to violence, riots and massacre as it happened at the time of partition in 1947. Even after independence riots on communal lines have taken place as in Gujarat.
Thus, communal politics can take different forms in a country.
Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.
Sexual difference is biological but gender difference s sociological. Woman on the basis of gender have always been discriminated in almost all the societies of the world including India. Different aspects of life in which woman are discriminated or disadvantaged in India are as given below: (i) EduRead more
Sexual difference is biological but gender difference s sociological. Woman on the basis of gender have always been discriminated in almost all the societies of the world including India. Different aspects of life in which woman are discriminated or disadvantaged in India are as given below:
See less(i) Education: (a) Women are deprived of an equal access to education. Thus, the literacy rate among women in only 54 per cent as compared to 76 per cent among men. (b) A smaller proportion of girl student go for higher education because parents prefer to spend money on their rather than spending equally on both sons and daughters.
(ii) Discrimination in remuneration or salary: The number of women on highly paid job is less than men Women are discrimination in job opportunities as well as in appointment among highly paid and valued jobs. Under Equal Wages should be paid for equal work. In practice almost ln every sphere, women are paid less than man even when both do exactly the same work.
(iii) Preference for sons: Even now in many parts of Indian, parents prefer to have sons. There are cases where girl child is aborted before she is born. Due to sex-ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 850 or 800 in some places.
(iv) Cases harassment, exploitation and violence: Women are exploited by their employers. They are sexually assaulted at homes. They are not safe during their journey at night. They are subjected to various forms of domestic violence. such as beating and harassment.
How did East India Company ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods from Indian weavers? Explain.
(a) Before establishing political power, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods for exports due to tough competition with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. The weaver and the supply merchants used to sell the produce to the best buyer. But onceRead more
(a) Before establishing political power, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods for exports due to tough competition with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. The weaver and the supply merchants used to sell the produce to the best buyer. But once the company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. Therefore, the East India company took the following steps:
See less(l) It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(ii) It prevented Company weaver from dealing with other buyers by system of advances because the weavers who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha.
(b) Results : The condition of weavers became bad. They took advances to earn more. In the process they had to devote all their time to weaving and had to lease out their small plots of land’ The weavers had to sell their cloth only to the Company. They could not bargain” The prices they got were low and the advances tied them to the Company. At many places weavers deserted villages and migrated to other villages. Some took to agricultural labour
Why did the network of export trade in textiles that was controlled by Indian merchants, break down by the 1750s? What were its effects?
(a) Causes: Following were the causes for breaking down of the network of export trade: (l) The European companies gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts (rulers or officials). (ii) They got the monopoly rights to trade. (iii) European companies started their operationsRead more
(a) Causes: Following were the causes for breaking down of the network of export trade:
See less(l) The European companies gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts (rulers or officials).
(ii) They got the monopoly rights to trade.
(iii) European companies started their operations from new ports of Bombay and Calcutta.
(iv) Trade through the new ports was controlled by the European companies and was carried in European ships.
(b) Effects: (i) Old ports of Surat and Hoogly declined.
(ii) Exports from these ports fell, the credit that had financed the earlier trade dried up and the local bankers went bankrupt. The gross value of trade at Surat fell from ` 16 million in the last years of the seventeenth century to ` 3 million in 1740s.
(iii) Export from Bombay and Calcutta grew with the growth of colonial power. Trade was now controlled by European companies and was carried out in European ships.
(iv) It also led to collapse of old trading houses.