The status of women's representation in India's legislative bodies is very less bs Mentioned below:- (i) Women today do not hold even 10 per cent of total strength in Lok Sabha. (ii) Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent. (iii) The move to make 33 per cent reservation for womenRead more
The status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies is very less bs
Mentioned below:-
(i) Women today do not hold even 10 per cent of total strength in Lok Sabha.
(ii) Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent.
(iii) The move to make 33 per cent reservation for women all the legislatures of India has not yet succeeded.
(iv) Regarding women’s representation is India is among the bottom group of nations in the world ln Nordic countries women’s ,up. representation in national parliament is 40 per cent followed by Americans (20.2%),Europe (l9.6%),whereas in India, it is 8.3%
(v) Cabinets are also male dominated even when a woman becomes a Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.
(vi) Thus the proportion of women in legislative bodies has been very low. Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding reservation of at Least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. A bill with this proposal has been pending before the parliament for more than a decade but due to lack of consensus among the political parties, it has not been passed.
Two reasons are as given below.: (i) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. Thus, to win in a constituency, a candidate has to secure votes of other castes and communities. Caste plays an important role but voters of other castes and communities are eqRead more
Two reasons are as given below.:
(i) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. Thus, to win in a constituency, a candidate has to secure votes of other castes and communities. Caste plays an important role but voters of other castes and communities are equally important for a candidate to win in the election.
(ii) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community because sometimes there are more than one candidate of the same caste fighting ‘election’ on the ticket of different parties or as an independent candidate. When we speak of ‘vote bank’, it only implies that a particular party or candidate may secure maximum votes of a caste or community” Thus, caste alone cannot determine election results in India’
caste inequalities are still continuing in India in the following ways: (i) Most people still marry within their own caste or tribe. The upper caste people or sometime other caste people too do not allow inter-caste marriages. (ii) "Untouchability has been prohibited by the Constitution but in practRead more
caste inequalities are still continuing in India in the following ways:
(i) Most people still marry within their own caste or tribe. The upper caste people or sometime other caste people too do not allow inter-caste marriages.
(ii) “Untouchability has been prohibited by the Constitution but in practice it still exists in different parts of the country, particularly in rural areas.
(iii) ln the field of education too, lower caste people still tag behind. Government has provided them various kinds of facilities but ‘upper castes’ are far ahead in education than the lower castes’. There is a disproportionately large presence of ‘upper caste’ among the urban middle classes in our country.
(iv) Lastly, lower caste people like rural landless labourers, are generally poor and are exploited even today. Castle still continues to be closely linked to economic status. The percentage of population living below poverty line between 1999-2000 w-as 45.8 (STs), 35.9% (SCs) and 27% (OBCs) in the rural areas.
Different forms of communal politics are as given below: (i) Everyday beliefs: Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religions are very common and we often fail to notice them. (ii) Majoritarian dominance : A majority coRead more
Different forms of communal politics are as given below:
(i) Everyday beliefs: Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions are very common and we often fail to notice them.
(ii) Majoritarian dominance : A majority community tries to dominate other communities in politics. This may compel the minority community to form a separate political unit. For example, in Sri Lanka, majoritarianism has been followed which has resulted in conflict in the country.
(iii) Political mobilisation on religious lines: Religious appeals are made to voters to attract their votes. Sometimes sacred symbols and religious leaders are used to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena. Religious leaders are asked to propagate in favour of a political party. Emotional appeals are made on the basis of religion. For example, BJP uses its card of Hindutva at the elections to attract Hindu voters. Ram Janambhumi and construction of Ram Temple is another such example.
(iv) Communal violence riots and massacre: Sometimes communalism leads to violence, riots and massacre as it happened at the time of partition in 1947. Even after independence riots on communal lines have taken place as in Gujarat.
Thus, communal politics can take different forms in a country.
Sexual difference is biological but gender difference s sociological. Woman on the basis of gender have always been discriminated in almost all the societies of the world including India. Different aspects of life in which woman are discriminated or disadvantaged in India are as given below: (i) EduRead more
Sexual difference is biological but gender difference s sociological. Woman on the basis of gender have always been discriminated in almost all the societies of the world including India. Different aspects of life in which woman are discriminated or disadvantaged in India are as given below:
(i) Education: (a) Women are deprived of an equal access to education. Thus, the literacy rate among women in only 54 per cent as compared to 76 per cent among men. (b) A smaller proportion of girl student go for higher education because parents prefer to spend money on their rather than spending equally on both sons and daughters.
(ii) Discrimination in remuneration or salary: The number of women on highly paid job is less than men Women are discrimination in job opportunities as well as in appointment among highly paid and valued jobs. Under Equal Wages should be paid for equal work. In practice almost ln every sphere, women are paid less than man even when both do exactly the same work.
(iii) Preference for sons: Even now in many parts of Indian, parents prefer to have sons. There are cases where girl child is aborted before she is born. Due to sex-ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 850 or 800 in some places.
(iv) Cases harassment, exploitation and violence: Women are exploited by their employers. They are sexually assaulted at homes. They are not safe during their journey at night. They are subjected to various forms of domestic violence. such as beating and harassment.
What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?
The status of women's representation in India's legislative bodies is very less bs Mentioned below:- (i) Women today do not hold even 10 per cent of total strength in Lok Sabha. (ii) Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent. (iii) The move to make 33 per cent reservation for womenRead more
The status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies is very less bs
See lessMentioned below:-
(i) Women today do not hold even 10 per cent of total strength in Lok Sabha.
(ii) Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent.
(iii) The move to make 33 per cent reservation for women all the legislatures of India has not yet succeeded.
(iv) Regarding women’s representation is India is among the bottom group of nations in the world ln Nordic countries women’s ,up. representation in national parliament is 40 per cent followed by Americans (20.2%),Europe (l9.6%),whereas in India, it is 8.3%
(v) Cabinets are also male dominated even when a woman becomes a Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.
(vi) Thus the proportion of women in legislative bodies has been very low. Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding reservation of at Least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. A bill with this proposal has been pending before the parliament for more than a decade but due to lack of consensus among the political parties, it has not been passed.
State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
Two reasons are as given below.: (i) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. Thus, to win in a constituency, a candidate has to secure votes of other castes and communities. Caste plays an important role but voters of other castes and communities are eqRead more
Two reasons are as given below.:
See less(i) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. Thus, to win in a constituency, a candidate has to secure votes of other castes and communities. Caste plays an important role but voters of other castes and communities are equally important for a candidate to win in the election.
(ii) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community because sometimes there are more than one candidate of the same caste fighting ‘election’ on the ticket of different parties or as an independent candidate. When we speak of ‘vote bank’, it only implies that a particular party or candidate may secure maximum votes of a caste or community” Thus, caste alone cannot determine election results in India’
State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India.
caste inequalities are still continuing in India in the following ways: (i) Most people still marry within their own caste or tribe. The upper caste people or sometime other caste people too do not allow inter-caste marriages. (ii) "Untouchability has been prohibited by the Constitution but in practRead more
caste inequalities are still continuing in India in the following ways:
See less(i) Most people still marry within their own caste or tribe. The upper caste people or sometime other caste people too do not allow inter-caste marriages.
(ii) “Untouchability has been prohibited by the Constitution but in practice it still exists in different parts of the country, particularly in rural areas.
(iii) ln the field of education too, lower caste people still tag behind. Government has provided them various kinds of facilities but ‘upper castes’ are far ahead in education than the lower castes’. There is a disproportionately large presence of ‘upper caste’ among the urban middle classes in our country.
(iv) Lastly, lower caste people like rural landless labourers, are generally poor and are exploited even today. Castle still continues to be closely linked to economic status. The percentage of population living below poverty line between 1999-2000 w-as 45.8 (STs), 35.9% (SCs) and 27% (OBCs) in the rural areas.
State different forms of communal politics with one example each.
Different forms of communal politics are as given below: (i) Everyday beliefs: Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religions are very common and we often fail to notice them. (ii) Majoritarian dominance : A majority coRead more
Different forms of communal politics are as given below:
See less(i) Everyday beliefs: Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions are very common and we often fail to notice them.
(ii) Majoritarian dominance : A majority community tries to dominate other communities in politics. This may compel the minority community to form a separate political unit. For example, in Sri Lanka, majoritarianism has been followed which has resulted in conflict in the country.
(iii) Political mobilisation on religious lines: Religious appeals are made to voters to attract their votes. Sometimes sacred symbols and religious leaders are used to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena. Religious leaders are asked to propagate in favour of a political party. Emotional appeals are made on the basis of religion. For example, BJP uses its card of Hindutva at the elections to attract Hindu voters. Ram Janambhumi and construction of Ram Temple is another such example.
(iv) Communal violence riots and massacre: Sometimes communalism leads to violence, riots and massacre as it happened at the time of partition in 1947. Even after independence riots on communal lines have taken place as in Gujarat.
Thus, communal politics can take different forms in a country.
Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.
Sexual difference is biological but gender difference s sociological. Woman on the basis of gender have always been discriminated in almost all the societies of the world including India. Different aspects of life in which woman are discriminated or disadvantaged in India are as given below: (i) EduRead more
Sexual difference is biological but gender difference s sociological. Woman on the basis of gender have always been discriminated in almost all the societies of the world including India. Different aspects of life in which woman are discriminated or disadvantaged in India are as given below:
See less(i) Education: (a) Women are deprived of an equal access to education. Thus, the literacy rate among women in only 54 per cent as compared to 76 per cent among men. (b) A smaller proportion of girl student go for higher education because parents prefer to spend money on their rather than spending equally on both sons and daughters.
(ii) Discrimination in remuneration or salary: The number of women on highly paid job is less than men Women are discrimination in job opportunities as well as in appointment among highly paid and valued jobs. Under Equal Wages should be paid for equal work. In practice almost ln every sphere, women are paid less than man even when both do exactly the same work.
(iii) Preference for sons: Even now in many parts of Indian, parents prefer to have sons. There are cases where girl child is aborted before she is born. Due to sex-ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 850 or 800 in some places.
(iv) Cases harassment, exploitation and violence: Women are exploited by their employers. They are sexually assaulted at homes. They are not safe during their journey at night. They are subjected to various forms of domestic violence. such as beating and harassment.