(a) Before establishing political power, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods for exports due to tough competition with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. The weaver and the supply merchants used to sell the produce to the best buyer. But onceRead more
(a) Before establishing political power, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods for exports due to tough competition with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. The weaver and the supply merchants used to sell the produce to the best buyer. But once the company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. Therefore, the East India company took the following steps:
(l) It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(ii) It prevented Company weaver from dealing with other buyers by system of advances because the weavers who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha.
(b) Results : The condition of weavers became bad. They took advances to earn more. In the process they had to devote all their time to weaving and had to lease out their small plots of land’ The weavers had to sell their cloth only to the Company. They could not bargain” The prices they got were low and the advances tied them to the Company. At many places weavers deserted villages and migrated to other villages. Some took to agricultural labour
(a) Causes: Following were the causes for breaking down of the network of export trade: (l) The European companies gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts (rulers or officials). (ii) They got the monopoly rights to trade. (iii) European companies started their operationsRead more
(a) Causes: Following were the causes for breaking down of the network of export trade:
(l) The European companies gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts (rulers or officials).
(ii) They got the monopoly rights to trade.
(iii) European companies started their operations from new ports of Bombay and Calcutta.
(iv) Trade through the new ports was controlled by the European companies and was carried in European ships.
(b) Effects: (i) Old ports of Surat and Hoogly declined.
(ii) Exports from these ports fell, the credit that had financed the earlier trade dried up and the local bankers went bankrupt. The gross value of trade at Surat fell from ` 16 million in the last years of the seventeenth century to ` 3 million in 1740s.
(iii) Export from Bombay and Calcutta grew with the growth of colonial power. Trade was now controlled by European companies and was carried out in European ships.
(iv) It also led to collapse of old trading houses.
(a) The condition of Indian textiles before the age of machine industries was as given below: (i) SiIk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. (ii) India produced finer varieties of cotton textiles that were taken to eastern Persia and central Asia on camel back vRead more
(a) The condition of Indian textiles before the age of machine industries was as given below:
(i) SiIk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
(ii) India produced finer varieties of cotton textiles that were taken to eastern Persia and central Asia on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across desert.
(iii) A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports i.e., Surat, Masuli-patam and Hoogly.
(b) Role played by the Indian merchants in the growth of textiles was as given below:
Different types of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in network of export trade i.e., financing, production, carrying goods and supplying exporters.
(ii) Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages and carried the supply to the ports.
(iii) At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.
The factors were as follow: (i) Abundance of labour and wait for jobs: There was abundance of labour in the market. Jobseekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under bridges or in the night shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities. One couldRead more
The factors were as follow:
(i) Abundance of labour and wait for jobs: There was abundance of labour in the market. Jobseekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under bridges or in the night shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities. One could get a job quickly if he had social connections.
(ii) Seasonal work: Work in many industries such as gas works, breweries was seasonal. There were, therefore, long periods without work. As a result of this, some returned to the countryside while other did odd jobs.
(iii) Low wages and less period of employment: Wages were increased to some extent in the early mid-nineteenth century but as the period of employment was less, the average income was low. About 10 per cent of the urban population was very poor.
(iv) Introduction of new technology: The workers were against the introduction of new technology due to fear of unemployment. So, when the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women workers attacked the new machines.
The condition of workers was, therefore, not satisfactory. However after the 1840s employment opportunities increased due to building activities and transport industry.
How did East India Company ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods from Indian weavers? Explain.
(a) Before establishing political power, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods for exports due to tough competition with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. The weaver and the supply merchants used to sell the produce to the best buyer. But onceRead more
(a) Before establishing political power, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods for exports due to tough competition with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. The weaver and the supply merchants used to sell the produce to the best buyer. But once the company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. Therefore, the East India company took the following steps:
See less(l) It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(ii) It prevented Company weaver from dealing with other buyers by system of advances because the weavers who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha.
(b) Results : The condition of weavers became bad. They took advances to earn more. In the process they had to devote all their time to weaving and had to lease out their small plots of land’ The weavers had to sell their cloth only to the Company. They could not bargain” The prices they got were low and the advances tied them to the Company. At many places weavers deserted villages and migrated to other villages. Some took to agricultural labour
Why did the network of export trade in textiles that was controlled by Indian merchants, break down by the 1750s? What were its effects?
(a) Causes: Following were the causes for breaking down of the network of export trade: (l) The European companies gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts (rulers or officials). (ii) They got the monopoly rights to trade. (iii) European companies started their operationsRead more
(a) Causes: Following were the causes for breaking down of the network of export trade:
See less(l) The European companies gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts (rulers or officials).
(ii) They got the monopoly rights to trade.
(iii) European companies started their operations from new ports of Bombay and Calcutta.
(iv) Trade through the new ports was controlled by the European companies and was carried in European ships.
(b) Effects: (i) Old ports of Surat and Hoogly declined.
(ii) Exports from these ports fell, the credit that had financed the earlier trade dried up and the local bankers went bankrupt. The gross value of trade at Surat fell from ` 16 million in the last years of the seventeenth century to ` 3 million in 1740s.
(iii) Export from Bombay and Calcutta grew with the growth of colonial power. Trade was now controlled by European companies and was carried out in European ships.
(iv) It also led to collapse of old trading houses.
What role did the Indian merchants play in the growth of textiles before 1750? Explain any three points.
(a) The condition of Indian textiles before the age of machine industries was as given below: (i) SiIk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. (ii) India produced finer varieties of cotton textiles that were taken to eastern Persia and central Asia on camel back vRead more
(a) The condition of Indian textiles before the age of machine industries was as given below:
See less(i) SiIk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
(ii) India produced finer varieties of cotton textiles that were taken to eastern Persia and central Asia on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across desert.
(iii) A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports i.e., Surat, Masuli-patam and Hoogly.
(b) Role played by the Indian merchants in the growth of textiles was as given below:
Different types of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in network of export trade i.e., financing, production, carrying goods and supplying exporters.
(ii) Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages and carried the supply to the ports.
(iii) At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.
Explain how the condition of workers steadily declined in the early 20th century Europe.
The factors were as follow: (i) Abundance of labour and wait for jobs: There was abundance of labour in the market. Jobseekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under bridges or in the night shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities. One couldRead more
The factors were as follow:
See less(i) Abundance of labour and wait for jobs: There was abundance of labour in the market. Jobseekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under bridges or in the night shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities. One could get a job quickly if he had social connections.
(ii) Seasonal work: Work in many industries such as gas works, breweries was seasonal. There were, therefore, long periods without work. As a result of this, some returned to the countryside while other did odd jobs.
(iii) Low wages and less period of employment: Wages were increased to some extent in the early mid-nineteenth century but as the period of employment was less, the average income was low. About 10 per cent of the urban population was very poor.
(iv) Introduction of new technology: The workers were against the introduction of new technology due to fear of unemployment. So, when the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women workers attacked the new machines.
The condition of workers was, therefore, not satisfactory. However after the 1840s employment opportunities increased due to building activities and transport industry.