The centre of gravity in cricket has shifted from the old, Anglo-Australian axis because in recent years 'the innovations in cricket technique have mainly come from the practice of sub-continental teams in countries like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Pakistan has pioneered two great advances in bowRead more
The centre of gravity in cricket has shifted from the old, Anglo-Australian axis
because in recent years ‘the innovations in cricket technique have mainly come from the practice of sub-continental teams in countries like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Pakistan has pioneered two great advances in bowling : the ‘doosra’ and the ,reverse swing’. Both skills were developed in response to sub-continental conditions : the doosra to counter aggressive batsmen with heavy modern bats who were threatening to make finger-spin obsolete and ‘reverse swing’ to move the ball in on dusty, unresponsive wickets under clear skies. Initially, both innovations were greeted with great suspicion by countries like Britain and Australia which saw them as an underhanded, illegal bending of the laws of cricket. In time, it
came to be accepted that the laws of cricket could not continue to be framed for British or Australian conditions of play, and they became part of the technique of all bowlers, every-where in the world.
(a) There were two kinds of attitude of people towards women reading: (i) Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at horn", and sent them to w-omen's schools when they were set up in the towns and cities. (ii) Conservative families responded differently. Conservative Hindus beliRead more
(a) There were two kinds of attitude of people towards women reading:
(i) Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at horn”, and sent them to w-omen’s schools when they were set up in the towns and cities.
(ii) Conservative families responded differently. Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
(b) Women’s response was as given below:
(i) Rebel women defied prohibition and some women secretly learnt to read and write in Urdu.
(ii) Rashsundari Debi learnt to read in secrecy and wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876.
(iii) Women like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women about their lives at home.
(a) Nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. Government’s attempts to censor nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. For example, when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907' Bal Gangadhar TiRead more
(a) Nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. They reported on
colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. Government’s attempts to censor nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. For example, when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907′ Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his Kesari. He was arrested and this provoked widespread nationalist protests. The vernacular press brought cases of misrule to the notice of the masses.
(b) After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the ‘native’ press. As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the British government pass the Vernacular Press Act ln 1878. It was based on the Irish Press laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernaculars press.
By the end of the 19th century, a new visual culture was taking place. It was as mentioned below: (i) With the setting up an increasing number of printing presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced image for mass circulation. (ii) CheRead more
By the end of the 19th century, a new visual culture was taking place. It was as
mentioned below:
(i) With the setting up an increasing number of printing presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced image for mass circulation.
(ii) Cheap prints and calendars were easily available in the bazaar. These could be bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their homes or places of work.
(iii) By the 1870s, caricature and cartoons were being published in journals an6 newspapers, commenting on social and political issues.
From the early nineteenth century, there were intense debates around religious issues. Different interpretations about the beliefs of different religions were given. Print culture published such ideas Which resulted in more participation in public discussions. For example, there were controversies bRead more
From the early nineteenth century, there were intense debates around religious
issues. Different interpretations about the beliefs of different religions were given. Print culture published such ideas Which resulted in more participation in public discussions. For example, there were controversies between social and religious reformers and Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation (soli system), monotheism, idolatry. The newspapers published these controversies in the spoken language of ordinary people. In North India, the ulama was worried that the colonial rulers would encourage conversion and change of the Muslim personal laws. They, therefore, started cheap lithographic presses. Islamic doctrines were explained. A number of Muslim sects appeared giving different interpretation of
faith. In all these activities, Urdu print helped them conduct these battles in public Among Hindus, too, print encouraged the reading of religious texts in vernacular languages. For example, Rarncharitman.as of Tulsidas was published from Calcutta in 1810. Thus, religious texts reached a large number of people and encouraged them to take part in discussions, debates and controversies. It is, therefore, rightly said that print encouraged the publication of conflicting opinions among communities. However, newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating Pan-Indian identities. It, therefore, connected communities and people in different parts of India.
(a) The women writers of India in 19th century- were Rashsundari Debi, Kailashbhashim Debi, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai. (b) (i) Kailashtrashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women-about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labourRead more
(a) The women writers of India in 19th century- were Rashsundari Debi, Kailashbhashim
Debi, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai.
(b) (i) Kailashtrashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women-about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by the very people they served.
(ii) In present day Maharashira, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserabie lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows.
(i) The printing press came to India with Portuguese missionaries in Goa in the mid sixteenth century. Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kannara languages. (ii) Books in different languages were printed as given below: (Read more
(i) The printing press came to India with Portuguese missionaries in Goa in the mid sixteenth century. Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kannara languages.
(ii) Books in different languages were printed as given below:
(a) In 1579 – First Tamil book was printed by Catholic priests at Cochin.
(b) In 1713 – Printing of first Malayalam book.
(c) By 1710 – Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them were translations from older works”
(iii) English printing: (a) English printing began with the Bengal Gazette from 1780 by James Augustus Hickey.
(b) By the end of eighteenth century. a number of newspapers and journals were being printed.
(c) Indians too began to purplish newspaper. Weekly Bengal Gazette was the first to be brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya.
(a) (i) There were handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and various vernacular languages. (ii) Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. (iii) There were illustrations on pages. (iv) To preserve them, these were either pressed between wooden covers or sewn togetherRead more
(a) (i) There were handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and various vernacular languages.
(ii) Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
(iii) There were illustrations on pages.
(iv) To preserve them, these were either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together.
(b) Drawbacks: (i) Manuscripts were, however, highly expensive and fragile.
(ii) They had to be handled carefully.
(iii) They also could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles. In view of the above manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life. Their use remained limited. Even in schools. teachers used to dictate portions of texts to students. Many people, thus, became literate without ever actually reading any kind of texts.
How the centre of gravity in cricket has shifted from the old. Anglo-Australian axis?
The centre of gravity in cricket has shifted from the old, Anglo-Australian axis because in recent years 'the innovations in cricket technique have mainly come from the practice of sub-continental teams in countries like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Pakistan has pioneered two great advances in bowRead more
The centre of gravity in cricket has shifted from the old, Anglo-Australian axis
See lessbecause in recent years ‘the innovations in cricket technique have mainly come from the practice of sub-continental teams in countries like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Pakistan has pioneered two great advances in bowling : the ‘doosra’ and the ,reverse swing’. Both skills were developed in response to sub-continental conditions : the doosra to counter aggressive batsmen with heavy modern bats who were threatening to make finger-spin obsolete and ‘reverse swing’ to move the ball in on dusty, unresponsive wickets under clear skies. Initially, both innovations were greeted with great suspicion by countries like Britain and Australia which saw them as an underhanded, illegal bending of the laws of cricket. In time, it
came to be accepted that the laws of cricket could not continue to be framed for British or Australian conditions of play, and they became part of the technique of all bowlers, every-where in the world.
What was the attitude of people in India in the 19 century towards women? reading? How did women respond to this?
(a) There were two kinds of attitude of people towards women reading: (i) Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at horn", and sent them to w-omen's schools when they were set up in the towns and cities. (ii) Conservative families responded differently. Conservative Hindus beliRead more
(a) There were two kinds of attitude of people towards women reading:
See less(i) Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at horn”, and sent them to w-omen’s schools when they were set up in the towns and cities.
(ii) Conservative families responded differently. Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
(b) Women’s response was as given below:
(i) Rebel women defied prohibition and some women secretly learnt to read and write in Urdu.
(ii) Rashsundari Debi learnt to read in secrecy and wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876.
(iii) Women like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women about their lives at home.
What was the contribution of print culture in the growth of nationalism in India? How did the British attempt to check them?
(a) Nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. Government’s attempts to censor nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. For example, when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907' Bal Gangadhar TiRead more
(a) Nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. They reported on
See lesscolonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. Government’s attempts to censor nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. For example, when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907′ Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his Kesari. He was arrested and this provoked widespread nationalist protests. The vernacular press brought cases of misrule to the notice of the masses.
(b) After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the ‘native’ press. As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the British government pass the Vernacular Press Act ln 1878. It was based on the Irish Press laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernaculars press.
Explain the visual culture (picture, calendar and cartoon etc.) in print developed in the 19th century.
By the end of the 19th century, a new visual culture was taking place. It was as mentioned below: (i) With the setting up an increasing number of printing presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced image for mass circulation. (ii) CheRead more
By the end of the 19th century, a new visual culture was taking place. It was as
See lessmentioned below:
(i) With the setting up an increasing number of printing presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced image for mass circulation.
(ii) Cheap prints and calendars were easily available in the bazaar. These could be bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their homes or places of work.
(iii) By the 1870s, caricature and cartoons were being published in journals an6 newspapers, commenting on social and political issues.
How did print help connect communities and people in different parts of India? Explain with examples.
From the early nineteenth century, there were intense debates around religious issues. Different interpretations about the beliefs of different religions were given. Print culture published such ideas Which resulted in more participation in public discussions. For example, there were controversies bRead more
From the early nineteenth century, there were intense debates around religious
See lessissues. Different interpretations about the beliefs of different religions were given. Print culture published such ideas Which resulted in more participation in public discussions. For example, there were controversies between social and religious reformers and Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation (soli system), monotheism, idolatry. The newspapers published these controversies in the spoken language of ordinary people. In North India, the ulama was worried that the colonial rulers would encourage conversion and change of the Muslim personal laws. They, therefore, started cheap lithographic presses. Islamic doctrines were explained. A number of Muslim sects appeared giving different interpretation of
faith. In all these activities, Urdu print helped them conduct these battles in public Among Hindus, too, print encouraged the reading of religious texts in vernacular languages. For example, Rarncharitman.as of Tulsidas was published from Calcutta in 1810. Thus, religious texts reached a large number of people and encouraged them to take part in discussions, debates and controversies. It is, therefore, rightly said that print encouraged the publication of conflicting opinions among communities. However, newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating Pan-Indian identities. It, therefore, connected communities and people in different parts of India.
Write the name of any four woman writers of India in 19th century and highlight the contribution of any two who wrote about the different experiences of the woman.
(a) The women writers of India in 19th century- were Rashsundari Debi, Kailashbhashim Debi, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai. (b) (i) Kailashtrashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women-about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labourRead more
(a) The women writers of India in 19th century- were Rashsundari Debi, Kailashbhashim
See lessDebi, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai.
(b) (i) Kailashtrashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women-about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by the very people they served.
(ii) In present day Maharashira, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserabie lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows.
Examine the role of missionaries in the growth of press in India.
(i) The printing press came to India with Portuguese missionaries in Goa in the mid sixteenth century. Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kannara languages. (ii) Books in different languages were printed as given below: (Read more
(i) The printing press came to India with Portuguese missionaries in Goa in the mid sixteenth century. Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kannara languages.
See less(ii) Books in different languages were printed as given below:
(a) In 1579 – First Tamil book was printed by Catholic priests at Cochin.
(b) In 1713 – Printing of first Malayalam book.
(c) By 1710 – Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them were translations from older works”
(iii) English printing: (a) English printing began with the Bengal Gazette from 1780 by James Augustus Hickey.
(b) By the end of eighteenth century. a number of newspapers and journals were being printed.
(c) Indians too began to purplish newspaper. Weekly Bengal Gazette was the first to be brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya.
How were manuscripts written in India before the age of print? What were their drawbacks and effects?
(a) (i) There were handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and various vernacular languages. (ii) Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. (iii) There were illustrations on pages. (iv) To preserve them, these were either pressed between wooden covers or sewn togetherRead more
(a) (i) There were handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and various vernacular languages.
See less(ii) Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
(iii) There were illustrations on pages.
(iv) To preserve them, these were either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together.
(b) Drawbacks: (i) Manuscripts were, however, highly expensive and fragile.
(ii) They had to be handled carefully.
(iii) They also could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles. In view of the above manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life. Their use remained limited. Even in schools. teachers used to dictate portions of texts to students. Many people, thus, became literate without ever actually reading any kind of texts.