1. Characteristics of a modern land fill include i. Methods to contain leachate such as lining clay or plastic liners. iii. Compaction and covering of the waste to prevent it being blown by wind. iv. Installation of a land fill gas extraction system to extract the gas for use in generation of power.

    Characteristics of a modern land fill include
    i. Methods to contain leachate such as lining clay or plastic liners.
    iii. Compaction and covering of the waste to prevent it being blown by wind.
    iv. Installation of a land fill gas extraction system to extract the gas for use in generation of power.

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  2. Transgenic animals are products of genetic engineering and express specific gene(s) from totally unrelated source. Following are the four main areas where they can be utilised. 1. To study normal physiology and development these animals can be used to study as to which factor / gene products are neeRead more

    Transgenic animals are products of genetic engineering and express specific gene(s) from totally unrelated source. Following are the four main areas where they can be utilised.
    1. To study normal physiology and development these animals can be used to study as to which factor / gene products are needed at what time of development. By expression of certain genes, they help scientists to understand the normal gene expression at various stages of growth and development.
    2. Study of Diseases
    Transgenic animals can be created to serve as models for various human diseases. They also help us understand the involvement of various genes in diseases like cancer, Parkinson’ disease etc.
    3. Vaccine safety
    Transgenic animals can be used to test vaccines like polio vaccine. Transgenic mice have shown promising results in this area and would replace the vaccine testing on monkeys in the years to come.
    4. Chemical safety testing
    Transgenic animals are created which are more sensitive to certain chemicals / drugs. These are used to study the toxicity or side effects of that chemical / drug. The advantage is that we get results faster

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