1. Initially, atoms were believed to consist of negatively charged electrons orbiting a positively charged nucleus containing protons. This model provided a basis for understanding the overall electrical neutrality of atoms.

    Initially, atoms were believed to consist of negatively charged electrons orbiting a positively charged nucleus containing protons. This model provided a basis for understanding the overall electrical neutrality of atoms.

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  2. The mass of an electron is typically considered to be much smaller compared to other subatomic particles, such as protons and neutrons, making it negligible in comparison to the overall mass of an atom.

    The mass of an electron is typically considered to be much smaller compared to other subatomic particles, such as protons and neutrons, making it negligible in comparison to the overall mass of an atom.

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  3. The mass of a proton is standardized relative to the mass of a carbon-12 atom. One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as exactly one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom, which contains six protons.

    The mass of a proton is standardized relative to the mass of a carbon-12 atom. One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as exactly one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom, which contains six protons.

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  4. The charge of an electron is negative, with a fundamental unit of approximately -1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs, often denoted as "-e".

    The charge of an electron is negative, with a fundamental unit of approximately -1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs, often denoted as “-e”.

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  5. The charge of a proton is positive, with a fundamental unit of approximately +1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs, often denoted as "+e".

    The charge of a proton is positive, with a fundamental unit of approximately +1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs, often denoted as “+e”.

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