The advantages of having a healthy population are as given below: (i) Health is Wealth', 'Healthy mind in a healthy body' show the advantages of healthy population. The healthy persons can work efficiently. (ii) The healthy population fairs better in games at national and international levels. (iii)Read more
The advantages of having a healthy population are as given below:
(i) Health is Wealth’, ‘Healthy mind in a healthy body’ show the advantages of healthy population. The healthy persons can work efficiently.
(ii) The healthy population fairs better in games at national and international levels.
(iii) Good health leads to growth and improved competitiveness.
(iv) Good health helps develop children’s cognitive functions, raises educational outcomes and makes it less likely they will leave school early or be absent from school.
(v) Good health helps economic and social development.
(vi) Healthy population contributes towards the fast economic growth of the country. Changes in health status, today are a reliable predictor for future economic performance”
The reasons for the changes in clothing pattern and materials year as follows: (i) The spread of democratic ideals: Before French Revolution in France. Sumptuary laws regulated the wearing of clothes in French society. for example, only royalty could wear expensive materials like ermine and fur. TheRead more
The reasons for the changes in clothing pattern and materials year as follows:
(i) The spread of democratic ideals: Before French Revolution in France. Sumptuary laws regulated the wearing of clothes in French society. for example, only royalty could wear expensive materials like ermine and fur. The French Revolution ended these distinction. Now both men and women began wearing loose and confrontable clothes. The colours of France blue, white and red – – became popular as they were_ sign of the patriotic citizens. The simplicity of clothing expressed the idea of equality. In England, too with the development of suffrage movement, there was campaign for dress reform.
(ii) colonisation of most of the world by Europe: colonisation also brought changes in clothing pattern and materials. For example, when Indian came under British control, many people adopted some elements of western-style clothing in their dress.
(iii) The growth of an industrial society : As a result of Industrial revolution, Britain began the mass manufacture of cotton textiles. It was exported to many parts of the world including India. Cotton clothes became more accessible to a wider section of people in Europe too. This brought changes in the clothing patterns and materials of the clothes as people could use style and materials drawn from other cultures and countries.
(a) Test cricket is a unique game and different from other team games. The social and economic history of England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Shaped the game and gave cricket its unique nature as given below: (i) Five days match can end in a draw in cricket. A football match is generRead more
(a) Test cricket is a unique game and different from other team games. The social and economic history of England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Shaped the game and gave cricket its unique nature as given below:
(i) Five days match can end in a draw in cricket. A football match is generally over in an hour-and-a-half of playing time. Even the baseball completes nine innings in less than half the time of one day international cricket match.
(ii) In cricket the length of the pitch is specified. It is 22 yards but the size or shape of the ground is not specified. Grounds can be oval or circular. Other team sports, such as hockey and football lay down the dimensions of the playing area. For example in cricket the ground at the Adelaide is oval or nearly circular in Chepauk in Chennai.
(b) The peculiarities of Test cricket are shaped by its historical beginnings as a village game as given below:
(i) Length of a Test match: Originally, the cricket matches had no time limit. The game went on for as long as it took to bowl out a side twice. The rhythms of village life were slower and cricket’s rules were made before the Industrial Revolution. on the other hand the rules of other games like football and hockey were made after the industrial revolution and, therefore, were strictly time-limited to fit the routines of industrial city life.
(ii) Vagueness about the size of a cricket ground: It is also a result of its village origins’ cricket was originally played on country commons unfenced land that was public property. The size of the commons varied from on village to another so there were no designated boundaries or boundary hits. Even after boundaries written into the laws of cricket, their distance from the wicket was not specified. The laws simply lay down that ,the umpire shall agree with both captains on the boundaries of the playing area’.
(iii) Game’s equipment: The game’s equipment has its origins in rural England and it has remained so even now. Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre- industrial materials. The bat, the stumps and the. bails are made of wood. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork. Even today, both bat and bait are handmade, not industrially manufactured.
(a) Open field system: It implies that in large parts of England, the countryside was open. It was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords. Peasants cultivated on strips of land around the village they lived in. At the beginning of each year, a public meeting was held to allRead more
(a) Open field system: It implies that in large parts of England, the countryside was open. It was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords. Peasants cultivated on strips of land around the village they lived in. At the beginning of each year, a public meeting was held to allocate a number of strips to cultivate to each villager. These strips were of different quality and in different places. The effort was to ensure that every villager got
good as well as bad land. Beyond these strips of cultivation lay the common land. All villagers had access to the commons. For the poor, the common land was essential for survival. It supplemented their meagre income, sustained their cattle, and helped them tide over bad times when crops failed.
(b) Open field system and a rich farmer: The open field system was not useful for rich farmers because they did not have a compact land which could increase their income. The land was not privately owned by them. Since 16th century, the rich farmers wanted to expand wool production to earn profits. They were eager to control large areas of land in compact blocks to allow improved breeding of sheep. So they began dividing and enclosing common land and building hedges around their holdings. They drove out villagers who had small cottages on the commons. They prevented the poor from entering the enclosed fields.
(a) Causes: The colonial government wanted to transform all grazing land into cultivated land to increase its revenue. It could at the same time produce more jute, cotton, wheat and other agricultural produce that were required in England. Such land that produced neither produce nor revenue was consRead more
(a) Causes: The colonial government wanted to transform all grazing land into
cultivated land to increase its revenue. It could at the same time produce more jute, cotton, wheat and other agricultural produce that were required in England. Such land that produced neither produce nor revenue was considered ‘waste land’.
(b) Effects on the lives of pastoralists: By these rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. These individuals were granted various concessions and encouraged to settle on these lands. Some of them were made headmen of villages in the newly cleared areas. In most areas the lands taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by pastoralists. So expansion of cultivation inevitably meant the decline of pastures and a problem for pastoralists.
(i) Railways: The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railwaRead more
(i) Railways: The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. Railways
were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers. From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. By 1890, about 25,500 km of track had been laid. As the railway tracks spread through India, a larger and larger number of trees were felled. The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantities. These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. Forests around the railway tracks
fast started disappearing.
(ii) Shipbuilding : By the early nineteenth century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy. So to build English ships and to protect and maintain the imperial power, the supply of timber was essential. Search parties were sent to explore the forest resources of India. As a result of it, trees were felled on a massive scale and vast quantities of timber were being exported from India.
Threshing machines were opposed by the poor. in England due to the following reasons: (i) Over the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English countryside changed dramatically. open fields and common lands were replaced by enclosures that were created by the individual landlords. ThiRead more
Threshing machines were opposed by the poor. in England due to the following reasons:
(i) Over the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English countryside changed dramatically. open fields and common lands were replaced by enclosures that were created by the individual landlords. This change was encouraged by more demand for food grains due to rise in population’ The landlords brought more and under cultivation by taking control over pasture lands, cutting up forest commons and taking over marshes.
(ii) The poor peasants, on the other hand, were displaced from the land. They moved to southern counties in search of work as agricultural labourers. But during the Napoleonic wars, prices of foodgrains rose. There was expansion of agriculture but fearing a shortage of labour, the farmers began using threshing machines. Ai the same time they complained of the insolence of labourers, their drinking habits, and the difficulty of making them work. They thought that machines would help them reduce their dependence on labourers. Under these conditions, machines deprived workmen of their livelihood. For the poor, the machines had become a sign of bad times. They tramped from village to village and those with uncertain jobs lived in fear those with uncertain jobs fear of a loss of their livelihood. So, they opposed the threshing machines.
Two examples of changes similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders are as follows: (i) Loss of grazing land and expansion of cultivation: The colonial government in India wanted to transform all grazing land into cultivated farms to increase its revenue. Waste Land Rules were enacted inRead more
Two examples of changes similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders are as follows:
(i) Loss of grazing land and expansion of cultivation: The colonial government in India wanted to transform all grazing land into cultivated farms to increase its revenue. Waste Land Rules were enacted in various parts of the country. By these Rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. The lands taken, over were actually grazing tracts. So, the expansion of cultivation meant the decline of pastures.
In East Africa also, the colonial government encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasture lands were turned into cultivated fields
(ii) Reservation of land/forests: Various Forest Acts were passed. Some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal were deciares, Reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests. In protected forests, some customary grazing rights were granted but their movements were severely restricted.
on the other hand in East Africa, large areas of grazing land were turned. into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti park in Tanzania’ Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt animals nor graze their herds in these areas. These reserves were in areas that had tradition- ally been regular grazing grounds for Maasai herds.
While the forest laws deprived people of their customary rights to hunt, hunting of big game became a sport. Kings and British officials were allowed to hunt in the reserved forests. Under the colonial rule the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct.Read more
While the forest laws deprived people of their customary rights to hunt, hunting of big game became a sport. Kings and British officials were allowed to hunt in the reserved forests. Under the colonial rule the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct. The British saw large animals as signs of a wild, primitive and savage society. The Maharaja of Sarguja alone shot 1,157 tigers and 2,000 leopards up to 1957. A British administrator, George Yule. killed 400 tigers. Initially certain areas of forests were reserved for hunting’ only much later did environmentalists and that conservators begin to argue all these species of animals needed to be protected, and not killed.
What are the advantages of having a healthy population?
The advantages of having a healthy population are as given below: (i) Health is Wealth', 'Healthy mind in a healthy body' show the advantages of healthy population. The healthy persons can work efficiently. (ii) The healthy population fairs better in games at national and international levels. (iii)Read more
The advantages of having a healthy population are as given below:
See less(i) Health is Wealth’, ‘Healthy mind in a healthy body’ show the advantages of healthy population. The healthy persons can work efficiently.
(ii) The healthy population fairs better in games at national and international levels.
(iii) Good health leads to growth and improved competitiveness.
(iv) Good health helps develop children’s cognitive functions, raises educational outcomes and makes it less likely they will leave school early or be absent from school.
(v) Good health helps economic and social development.
(vi) Healthy population contributes towards the fast economic growth of the country. Changes in health status, today are a reliable predictor for future economic performance”
Explain the reasons for the changes in clothing patterns and materials in the eighteenth century.
The reasons for the changes in clothing pattern and materials year as follows: (i) The spread of democratic ideals: Before French Revolution in France. Sumptuary laws regulated the wearing of clothes in French society. for example, only royalty could wear expensive materials like ermine and fur. TheRead more
The reasons for the changes in clothing pattern and materials year as follows:
See less(i) The spread of democratic ideals: Before French Revolution in France. Sumptuary laws regulated the wearing of clothes in French society. for example, only royalty could wear expensive materials like ermine and fur. The French Revolution ended these distinction. Now both men and women began wearing loose and confrontable clothes. The colours of France blue, white and red – – became popular as they were_ sign of the patriotic citizens. The simplicity of clothing expressed the idea of equality. In England, too with the development of suffrage movement, there was campaign for dress reform.
(ii) colonisation of most of the world by Europe: colonisation also brought changes in clothing pattern and materials. For example, when Indian came under British control, many people adopted some elements of western-style clothing in their dress.
(iii) The growth of an industrial society : As a result of Industrial revolution, Britain began the mass manufacture of cotton textiles. It was exported to many parts of the world including India. Cotton clothes became more accessible to a wider section of people in Europe too. This brought changes in the clothing patterns and materials of the clothes as people could use style and materials drawn from other cultures and countries.
Test cricket is a unique game in many ways. Discuss some of the ways in which it is different from other team games. How are the peculiarities of Test cricket shaped by its historical beginnings as a village game?
(a) Test cricket is a unique game and different from other team games. The social and economic history of England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Shaped the game and gave cricket its unique nature as given below: (i) Five days match can end in a draw in cricket. A football match is generRead more
(a) Test cricket is a unique game and different from other team games. The social and economic history of England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Shaped the game and gave cricket its unique nature as given below:
(i) Five days match can end in a draw in cricket. A football match is generally over in an hour-and-a-half of playing time. Even the baseball completes nine innings in less than half the time of one day international cricket match.
(ii) In cricket the length of the pitch is specified. It is 22 yards but the size or shape of the ground is not specified. Grounds can be oval or circular. Other team sports, such as hockey and football lay down the dimensions of the playing area. For example in cricket the ground at the Adelaide is oval or nearly circular in Chepauk in Chennai.
(b) The peculiarities of Test cricket are shaped by its historical beginnings as a village game as given below:
See less(i) Length of a Test match: Originally, the cricket matches had no time limit. The game went on for as long as it took to bowl out a side twice. The rhythms of village life were slower and cricket’s rules were made before the Industrial Revolution. on the other hand the rules of other games like football and hockey were made after the industrial revolution and, therefore, were strictly time-limited to fit the routines of industrial city life.
(ii) Vagueness about the size of a cricket ground: It is also a result of its village origins’ cricket was originally played on country commons unfenced land that was public property. The size of the commons varied from on village to another so there were no designated boundaries or boundary hits. Even after boundaries written into the laws of cricket, their distance from the wicket was not specified. The laws simply lay down that ,the umpire shall agree with both captains on the boundaries of the playing area’.
(iii) Game’s equipment: The game’s equipment has its origins in rural England and it has remained so even now. Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre- industrial materials. The bat, the stumps and the. bails are made of wood. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork. Even today, both bat and bait are handmade, not industrially manufactured.
What was open field system? Look at this system from the point of view of a rich farmer.
(a) Open field system: It implies that in large parts of England, the countryside was open. It was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords. Peasants cultivated on strips of land around the village they lived in. At the beginning of each year, a public meeting was held to allRead more
(a) Open field system: It implies that in large parts of England, the countryside was open. It was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords. Peasants cultivated on strips of land around the village they lived in. At the beginning of each year, a public meeting was held to allocate a number of strips to cultivate to each villager. These strips were of different quality and in different places. The effort was to ensure that every villager got
See lessgood as well as bad land. Beyond these strips of cultivation lay the common land. All villagers had access to the commons. For the poor, the common land was essential for survival. It supplemented their meagre income, sustained their cattle, and helped them tide over bad times when crops failed.
(b) Open field system and a rich farmer: The open field system was not useful for rich farmers because they did not have a compact land which could increase their income. The land was not privately owned by them. Since 16th century, the rich farmers wanted to expand wool production to earn profits. They were eager to control large areas of land in compact blocks to allow improved breeding of sheep. So they began dividing and enclosing common land and building hedges around their holdings. They drove out villagers who had small cottages on the commons. They prevented the poor from entering the enclosed fields.
Why the waste land rules were enacted? what were its effects on the lives of the pastoralists?
(a) Causes: The colonial government wanted to transform all grazing land into cultivated land to increase its revenue. It could at the same time produce more jute, cotton, wheat and other agricultural produce that were required in England. Such land that produced neither produce nor revenue was consRead more
(a) Causes: The colonial government wanted to transform all grazing land into
See lesscultivated land to increase its revenue. It could at the same time produce more jute, cotton, wheat and other agricultural produce that were required in England. Such land that produced neither produce nor revenue was considered ‘waste land’.
(b) Effects on the lives of pastoralists: By these rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. These individuals were granted various concessions and encouraged to settle on these lands. Some of them were made headmen of villages in the newly cleared areas. In most areas the lands taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by pastoralists. So expansion of cultivation inevitably meant the decline of pastures and a problem for pastoralists.
Between 1880 and 1920, forest cover in the Indian subcontinent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from 108.6 million hectares to 98.9 million hectares. Discuss the role of the following factors in this decline: (i) Railways (ii) Shipbuilding
(i) Railways: The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railwaRead more
(i) Railways: The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. Railways
See lesswere essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers. From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. By 1890, about 25,500 km of track had been laid. As the railway tracks spread through India, a larger and larger number of trees were felled. The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantities. These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. Forests around the railway tracks
fast started disappearing.
(ii) Shipbuilding : By the early nineteenth century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy. So to build English ships and to protect and maintain the imperial power, the supply of timber was essential. Search parties were sent to explore the forest resources of India. As a result of it, trees were felled on a massive scale and vast quantities of timber were being exported from India.
Why were threshing machines opposed by the poor in England?
Threshing machines were opposed by the poor. in England due to the following reasons: (i) Over the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English countryside changed dramatically. open fields and common lands were replaced by enclosures that were created by the individual landlords. ThiRead more
Threshing machines were opposed by the poor. in England due to the following reasons:
See less(i) Over the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English countryside changed dramatically. open fields and common lands were replaced by enclosures that were created by the individual landlords. This change was encouraged by more demand for food grains due to rise in population’ The landlords brought more and under cultivation by taking control over pasture lands, cutting up forest commons and taking over marshes.
(ii) The poor peasants, on the other hand, were displaced from the land. They moved to southern counties in search of work as agricultural labourers. But during the Napoleonic wars, prices of foodgrains rose. There was expansion of agriculture but fearing a shortage of labour, the farmers began using threshing machines. Ai the same time they complained of the insolence of labourers, their drinking habits, and the difficulty of making them work. They thought that machines would help them reduce their dependence on labourers. Under these conditions, machines deprived workmen of their livelihood. For the poor, the machines had become a sign of bad times. They tramped from village to village and those with uncertain jobs lived in fear those with uncertain jobs fear of a loss of their livelihood. So, they opposed the threshing machines.
There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two example of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders.
Two examples of changes similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders are as follows: (i) Loss of grazing land and expansion of cultivation: The colonial government in India wanted to transform all grazing land into cultivated farms to increase its revenue. Waste Land Rules were enacted inRead more
Two examples of changes similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders are as follows:
See less(i) Loss of grazing land and expansion of cultivation: The colonial government in India wanted to transform all grazing land into cultivated farms to increase its revenue. Waste Land Rules were enacted in various parts of the country. By these Rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. The lands taken, over were actually grazing tracts. So, the expansion of cultivation meant the decline of pastures.
In East Africa also, the colonial government encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasture lands were turned into cultivated fields
(ii) Reservation of land/forests: Various Forest Acts were passed. Some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal were deciares, Reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests. In protected forests, some customary grazing rights were granted but their movements were severely restricted.
on the other hand in East Africa, large areas of grazing land were turned. into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti park in Tanzania’ Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt animals nor graze their herds in these areas. These reserves were in areas that had tradition- ally been regular grazing grounds for Maasai herds.
Describe the effects of Forest Acts on Kings/British officers engaged in shikar.
While the forest laws deprived people of their customary rights to hunt, hunting of big game became a sport. Kings and British officials were allowed to hunt in the reserved forests. Under the colonial rule the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct.Read more
While the forest laws deprived people of their customary rights to hunt, hunting of big game became a sport. Kings and British officials were allowed to hunt in the reserved forests. Under the colonial rule the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct. The British saw large animals as signs of a wild, primitive and savage society. The Maharaja of Sarguja alone shot 1,157 tigers and 2,000 leopards up to 1957. A British administrator, George Yule. killed 400 tigers. Initially certain areas of forests were reserved for hunting’ only much later did environmentalists and that conservators begin to argue all these species of animals needed to be protected, and not killed.
See less