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Who introduced token currency in the form of copper coins between 1329 and 1330? (A) Alauddin Khilji (B) Muhammad bin Tughlaq (C) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (D) Firoz Tughlaq
Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced token currency because the empire faced a shortage of silver, an essential metal for minting coins. He issued bronze and copper coins, expecting people to exchange them at fixed values like silver coins. However, there was no strict control over mints, and counterfeitRead more
Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced token currency because the empire faced a shortage of silver, an essential metal for minting coins. He issued bronze and copper coins, expecting people to exchange them at fixed values like silver coins. However, there was no strict control over mints, and counterfeit coins flooded the market. Traders refused to accept the new currency, disrupting the economy. People minted fake coins at home, leading to a financial disaster. Eventually, Muhammad bin Tughlaq withdrew the tokens and compensated citizens by exchanging the coins for silver, causing huge losses to the treasury and damaging his administrative reputation.
ANSWER:
(B) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
See lessWho was the first ruler of Ghazni to assume or accept the title of Sultan from the Khalifa and become the first ruler to be called Sultan?
Mahmud Ghaznavi’s acceptance of the title “Sultan” from the Abbasid Khalifa was a major turning point in medieval Islamic politics. This title symbolized not just royal authority but also religious legitimacy granted by the world’s most respected Islamic institution. By becoming the first ruler of GRead more
Mahmud Ghaznavi’s acceptance of the title “Sultan” from the Abbasid Khalifa was a major turning point in medieval Islamic politics. This title symbolized not just royal authority but also religious legitimacy granted by the world’s most respected Islamic institution. By becoming the first ruler of Ghazni to hold this title, Mahmud projected himself as a guardian of Sunni Islam and an independent sovereign rather than a regional chief. This recognition helped him strengthen relations with powerful Islamic states and boosted his influence in Central Asia. It also encouraged him to undertake ambitious military campaigns, especially his well-known invasions of India.
See lessAmong all the invasions of Mahmud Ghaznavi (1000 AD – 1026 AD), which was the most important?
Mahmud Ghaznavi’s attack on the Somnath Temple is remembered as one of the most dramatic events in medieval Indian history. Somnath was not only a sacred pilgrimage site but also a wealthy coastal trade center. Mahmud’s long journey across the Thar Desert showed his determination to capture its richRead more
Mahmud Ghaznavi’s attack on the Somnath Temple is remembered as one of the most dramatic events in medieval Indian history. Somnath was not only a sacred pilgrimage site but also a wealthy coastal trade center. Mahmud’s long journey across the Thar Desert showed his determination to capture its riches. The temple had legendary treasures, and its destruction shocked many Indian kingdoms. The enormous wealth Mahmud carried back strengthened Ghazni’s economy and funded large architectural projects, including palaces and mosques. This invasion also contributed to Mahmud’s lasting reputation as a formidable conqueror who could target even the most secure and prosperous regions.
ANSWER:
(C) Invasion of Somnath Temple (1025–1026 AD)
See less“Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have transferred rural credit systems”. Evaluate this statement by discussing how Self-Help Groups (SHGs) address the limitation of informal credit and empower women borrowers.
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) provide rural people, especially women, with easy access to small, low-interest loans. By pooling savings, members can borrow without relying on local moneylenders who charge very high interest. This ensures financial inclusion and stability in villages. Bank Linkage: ThroughRead more
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) provide rural people, especially women, with easy access to small, low-interest loans. By pooling savings, members can borrow without relying on local moneylenders who charge very high interest. This ensures financial inclusion and stability in villages.
Bank Linkage:
Through the SHG–Bank Linkage Programme, groups build trust with formal banks. They receive loans collectively, making repayment easier and more disciplined. This connection strengthens rural credit systems and promotes responsible borrowing.
Empowerment:
Women gain financial independence, confidence and decision-making power within families. They start small businesses, manage income and become role models for others in their community.
Social Impact:
SHGs develop cooperation, savings habits and entrepreneurial spirit among women, uplifting rural society.
Case Example:
In Andhra Pradesh, NABARD-supported SHGs enabled thousands of women to start micro-enterprises, reduce poverty and escape moneylenders’ traps.
See lessA research student spoke with two people, M and N to learn about their work-related differences. On the basis of the interview conducted with both of them, the student concludes that while person M was working in an organized sector, person N was an employee of a workplace that was functioning in an unorganised way. Analyse the key differences between the two sectors that must have enabled the research student to come to this conclusion.
Working features of person M (Organised Sector): Stable Employment: Work is regular, with fixed terms and assured wages. Government Oversight: The workplace is registered and follows labour laws like the Minimum Wages Act and Factories Act. Employment Security: Workers have confirmed working hours aRead more
Working features of person M (Organised Sector):
Working features of person N (Unorganised Sector):
- Irregular Jobs: Work is uncertain, low-paid and not continuous.
- No Legal Regulation: Very few protections exist due to lack of government control.
- No Benefits: Workers do not receive paid leave, overtime pay or medical support.
- Job Insecurity: Workers can be removed anytime without reason.
- Seasonal or Casual Work: Employment depends heavily on seasons and demand.
- Informal Nature: Many tasks are small, self-employed activities with strong dependence on the employer.
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