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  1. Asked: In:

    Read the given text and answer the following questions: Global pollution is rising due to rapid economic growth, population increases and insufficient environmental management. This poses serious health risks for people and ecosystems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Contributing to these challenges, the global economy relies on deeply intertwined supply chains, sustained by more than 100 billion tons of raw materials entering the system each year. Intensive material consumption depletes natural resources and causes negative environmental impacts at every stage of the product lifecycle. Global waste is expected to increase to 3.4 billion tons by 2050. Pollution of all types hinders development outcomes. Exposure to air pollution, water pollution and hazardous chemicals and wastes like mercury, lead and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) causes debilitating and fatal illnesses, creates harmful living conditions and destroys ecosystems. Pollution undermines sustainable economic growth, exacerbates poverty and inequality in both urban and rural areas and significantly contributes to climate change. Poor people, who cannot afford to protect themselves from the negative impacts of pollution, end up suffering the most. Pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death. It is estimated to be several times more deaths than from AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined. Global health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are reminders of the strong linkages between environment and health and of the need to address such linkages systematically. 18.1 Why do you think is global waste expected to increase by 2050? 18.2 How do manufacturing industries cause pollution of different types? Explain with examples. 18.3 Is it correct to consider pollution as a possible cause for worsening of the current global trends of poverty and inequality? Justify.

    Kriti

    18.1. ANSWER: Global waste is expected to increase by 2050 mainly due to intensive material production and consumption driven by rapid industrialization, population growth and economic expansion. As demand for goods rises, more raw materials are used, leading to excessive waste generation and ineffiRead more

    18.1. ANSWER: Global waste is expected to increase by 2050 mainly due to intensive material production and consumption driven by rapid industrialization, population growth and economic expansion. As demand for goods rises, more raw materials are used, leading to excessive waste generation and inefficient environmental management worldwide.

    18.2. ANSWER: Manufacturing industries cause air, water and soil pollution by releasing smoke, toxic gases and untreated industrial waste. Factories such as chemical, textile and paper industries discharge harmful substances into rivers, while thermal plants release hot water and machinery produces noise, degrading both environment and health.

    18.3. ANSWER: Yes, pollution worsens poverty and inequality because:

    1. Greater impact on poor communities: Poor people often live near polluted industrial areas or waste dumps and face higher exposure to toxic air, water and soil.
    2. Limited protection and healthcare: They cannot afford safety measures, clean water, or medical treatment for pollution-related illnesses.
    3. Loss of livelihood: Pollution damages crops, soil fertility and fisheries, reducing income sources for farmers and workers.
    4. Health and productivity decline: Frequent illness lowers their ability to work, deepening poverty.
    5. Environmental degradation: Contaminated surroundings make living conditions unhygienic and unsafe.
    6. Social disparity: Wealthier people can avoid pollution’s effects, but the poor suffer more, increasing inequality and worsening global poverty trends.

     

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    • 24
  2. Asked: In:

    “India’s mineral resources play a vital role in industrial growth”. Justify the statement with examples.

    Kriti

    India’s rich and diverse mineral resources form the foundation of its industrial development. Minerals provide essential raw materials for industries, infrastructure and economic growth. The following points justify their significance: Basis of Industrialization: Minerals are the backbone of industrRead more

    India’s rich and diverse mineral resources form the foundation of its industrial development. Minerals provide essential raw materials for industries, infrastructure and economic growth. The following points justify their significance:

    1. Basis of Industrialization: Minerals are the backbone of industrial production. Iron ore supports the iron and steel industry, which in turn supports construction, machinery and transportation industries.
      Example: The Bhilai and Bokaro steel plants use iron ore from Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
    2. Energy Production: Coal and petroleum are essential energy minerals that power industries, transport and households.
      Example: Coal is used in thermal power generation and as fuel in iron and steel industries.
    3. Development of Heavy Industries: Minerals like manganese, limestone and dolomite are crucial for heavy industries such as cement, chemical and metallurgical sectors.
      Example: Limestone from Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh is used in cement factories.
    4. Export Earnings: India exports iron ore, bauxite, mica and other minerals, earning valuable foreign exchange that boosts the economy.
    5. Employment Generation: Mining and mineral-based industries provide large-scale employment to millions, especially in rural and tribal regions.
    6. Support to Agro-based and Modern Industries: Non-metallic minerals like phosphates and potash are used in fertilizers, enhancing agricultural productivity. Minerals like copper, bauxite and zinc support modern industries like electronics and aviation.

    Conclusion:
    India’s mineral resources are the driving force of its industrial and economic growth. Efficient and sustainable utilization of these resources ensures long-term industrial development, self-reliance and prosperity for the nation.

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  3. Asked: In:

    A person is interested in setting up of an agro-based industry in Tamil Nadu. He is advised to establish a cotton textile industry in Coimbatore. Analyse the possible reason behind the suggestion.

    Kriti

    Coimbatore, often called the “Manchester of South India,” is one of the best locations for setting up a cotton textile industry due to the following reasons: Availability of Raw Material: Tamil Nadu, especially regions around Coimbatore, grows high-quality cotton which provides a steady supply of raRead more

    Coimbatore, often called the “Manchester of South India,” is one of the best locations for setting up a cotton textile industry due to the following reasons:

    1. Availability of Raw Material: Tamil Nadu, especially regions around Coimbatore, grows high-quality cotton which provides a steady supply of raw material for the textile industry.
    2. Favourable Climate: The moderate and humid climate of Coimbatore is suitable for spinning fine yarn, preventing breakage of thread during production.
    3. Skilled Labour: The region has a large pool of skilled and semi-skilled workers with traditional expertise in weaving, spinning and textile operations.
    4. Power Supply: Coimbatore has abundant and cheap hydroelectric power from the nearby Pykara Falls and other power projects, ensuring uninterrupted industrial operations.
    5. Transport and Market Facilities: Excellent road, rail and port connectivity helps easy transportation of raw materials and finished goods. Its proximity to major cities and ports boosts export opportunities.
    6. Supportive Industrial Base: The presence of machinery manufacturing units, textile mills and industrial training institutes supports the growth of the cotton textile sector.
    7. Entrepreneurial Spirit: Coimbatore has a strong base of entrepreneurs and cooperative societies that promote textile production and innovation.

    Hence, Coimbatore’s ideal climate, raw material availability, power resources and skilled workforce make it the perfect location for establishing a cotton textile industry in Tamil Nadu.

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  5. Asked: In:

    Wheat is mainly grown in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh but not in Tamil Nadu. Why does this cropping pattern vary geographically?

    Kriti

    The cropping pattern varies due to climate and soil conditions. Wheat requires a cool, dry winter and well-drained fertile soil, which are present in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. In contrast, Tamil Nadu has a tropical climate with high temperature and humidity, ideal for rice cultivation. Therefore, thRead more

    The cropping pattern varies due to climate and soil conditions. Wheat requires a cool, dry winter and well-drained fertile soil, which are present in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. In contrast, Tamil Nadu has a tropical climate with high temperature and humidity, ideal for rice cultivation. Therefore, the difference in temperature, rainfall and soil determines the regional variation in crops.

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  6. Asked: In:

    Which of the following statements best evaluates the overall goal of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana?

    Kriti

    The correct option is (B). The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana (PMKSY) focuses on improving irrigation facilities, ensuring water for every field (“Har Khet Ko Pani”) and promoting efficient water management through techniques like drip and sprinkler irrigation. It encourages sustainable waterRead more

    The correct option is (B). The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana (PMKSY) focuses on improving irrigation facilities, ensuring water for every field (“Har Khet Ko Pani”) and promoting efficient water management through techniques like drip and sprinkler irrigation. It encourages sustainable water conservation, boosts farm productivity and reduces farmers’ dependency on unpredictable rainfall for agricultural growth.

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