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The first split in the Congress occurred at the Surat session in 1907. When did the second split occur?
The 1918 Mumbai session was a turning point as it cleared the path for the dominance of the "pro-Gandhi" faction within the Congress. The Moderates, who had dominated the party since its inception in 1885, felt that the party was becoming too radical and populist. Their departure effectively ended tRead more
The 1918 Mumbai session was a turning point as it cleared the path for the dominance of the “pro-Gandhi” faction within the Congress. The Moderates, who had dominated the party since its inception in 1885, felt that the party was becoming too radical and populist. Their departure effectively ended the Moderate-Extremist era and ushered in the “Gandhian Era” of mass politics. By the time of the 1920 Nagpur session, the Congress had been transformed into a revolutionary mass organization, unified under Gandhi’s leadership for the upcoming Non-Cooperation Movement.
See lessWho are popularly known as the ‘Red Shirts’?
The Khudai Khidmatgars were remarkable for practicing absolute non-violence in the traditionally martial culture of the Pashtuns. Their leader, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, became known as the "Frontier Gandhi" for his deep commitment to Gandhi's principles. Despite brutal British repression, the Red ShRead more
The Khudai Khidmatgars were remarkable for practicing absolute non-violence in the traditionally martial culture of the Pashtuns. Their leader, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, became known as the “Frontier Gandhi” for his deep commitment to Gandhi’s principles. Despite brutal British repression, the Red Shirts remained disciplined and committed to the cause of a unified, independent India. Their involvement proved that the message of Satyagraha had reached the furthest corners of the subcontinent, crossing ethnic and regional boundaries to create a truly pan-Indian resistance against colonial authority.
See lessThe Indian National Congress agreed to the partition of the country in 1947. What was the main reason for this?
The decision to accept partition was driven by the grim reality of escalating communal violence. Following the failure of the Cabinet Mission and the Muslim League's "Direct Action," riots spread across Bengal, Punjab and Bihar. The Congress leadership concluded that forcing a reluctant Muslim LeaguRead more
The decision to accept partition was driven by the grim reality of escalating communal violence. Following the failure of the Cabinet Mission and the Muslim League’s “Direct Action,” riots spread across Bengal, Punjab and Bihar. The Congress leadership concluded that forcing a reluctant Muslim League into a single state would lead to perpetual internal conflict and administrative paralysis. Sardar Patel famously remarked that if the “body” had a diseased limb (communalism), it was better to amputate it to save the rest of the organism. Partition was thus chosen to ensure a peaceful, democratic future for India.
See lessWhat was Mahatma Gandhi’s position at the time of independence?
Gandhi’s formal departure from the Congress allowed him to distance himself from the day-to-day political maneuvering and focus on social issues like untouchability and rural self-reliance. At the time of independence, he was famously absent from the festivities in New Delhi, choosing instead to beRead more
Gandhi’s formal departure from the Congress allowed him to distance himself from the day-to-day political maneuvering and focus on social issues like untouchability and rural self-reliance. At the time of independence, he was famously absent from the festivities in New Delhi, choosing instead to be in Noakhali and Kolkata to quell communal riots. He viewed the Congress as a platform that had fulfilled its mission of liberation and even suggested it should be disbanded and turned into a social service organization (Lok Sevak Sangh) to serve the people.
See lessWho returned the title of ‘Sir’ received from the British government in protest against the brutal atrocities committed in Punjab in 1919?
Deeply pained by the slaughter of unarmed civilians in Amritsar, Tagore felt that keeping a British honor while his countrymen were being treated like cattle was an insult to his conscience. His renunciation was not just a personal gesture but an international indictment of British rule. It galvanizRead more
Deeply pained by the slaughter of unarmed civilians in Amritsar, Tagore felt that keeping a British honor while his countrymen were being treated like cattle was an insult to his conscience. His renunciation was not just a personal gesture but an international indictment of British rule. It galvanized the Indian intelligentsia and signaled that the British had lost their moral right to govern. While Mahatma Gandhi later returned his “Kaiser-i-Hind” medal during the Non-Cooperation Movement, Tagore’s refusal of Knighthood remains the most iconic literary and ethical protest of that era.
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