(i) Tools:

Palaeolithic humans relied on crude handaxes, cleavers, and scrapers;

Mesolithic communities crafted tiny geometric microliths and bone points;

Neolithic societies manufactured polished stone celts and grinding stones.

(ii) Settlements:

Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers lived in natural rock shelters and open-air camps;

Mesolithic groups used temporary camps near lakes and rivers;

Neolithic farmers established permanent mud-brick villages.

(iii) Art:

Palaeolithic people used body pigments and basic shell engravings;

Mesolithic communities created vivid rock paintings depicting hunting scenes;

Neolithic artisans developed decorated pottery and terracotta figurines.

(iv) Subsistence:

Palaeolithic humans survived by hunting large animals and foraging wild roots;

Mesolithic communities depended on fishing and small game;

Neolithic people practiced systematic crop farming and animal domestication.

For more NCERT Solutions of Class 9 Social Science Chapter 4 Early Humans and Beginning of Civilisation Question Answer (2026-27)

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