(a) Sushruta –
Sushruta, known as the ‘Father of Surgery,’ lived in the 6th century B.C. He wrote the ancient text Sushruta Samhita, which described over 300 surgical procedures and 120 surgical instruments. His work laid the foundation for modern surgical techniques. He was the first to perform plastic surgery, cataract operations, and even complex bone surgeries. Sushruta also emphasized hygiene, patient care, and diet, which are core principles in medicine today. His contributions proved that ancient India was scientifically advanced. His teachings were used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine. Even today, the global medical community acknowledges his achievements. Sushruta’s work reflects the spirit of Indian innovation in medical science.

(b) Dr. Janaki Ammal –
Dr. Janaki Ammal was one of India’s first women scientists and a pioneer in cytogenetics and botany. She made vital contributions to plant breeding and genetics. Her research on sugarcane helped in developing sweeter and stronger varieties, which was important for India’s agriculture. She also worked on the chromosomal studies of many plants. Janaki Ammal was awarded the Padma Shri in 1977. She promoted biodiversity and conservation, especially of medicinal plants. She worked with international institutions like the Royal Horticultural Society in London. Her passion for science and dedication to research made her a role model for many women scientists. Her legacy continues in the fields of genetics and environmental science.

(c) Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam –
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, known as the ‘Missile Man of India,’ played a key role in India’s space and defence research. Under his leadership, India launched its first satellite vehicle SLV-III, placing Rohini into orbit in 1980. He worked with DRDO and ISRO to develop satellite launch and missile technologies. He later became the 11th President of India and inspired youth through his speeches and books. A visionary scientist, Dr. Kalam combined science with national service. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna for his achievements. He believed that dreams, when pursued with determination, lead to great inventions. His life remains a source of inspiration for young innovators and future scientists across India.

(d) Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany –
Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany is known as the Father of Fibre Optics. His invention revolutionized telecommunications and medical imaging. Fibre optics uses light to transmit data quickly and clearly, and is used in internet, cable TV, and endoscopy. Born in India, Dr. Kapany pursued studies in optics and later moved to the U.S., where he conducted groundbreaking experiments in light transmission. He founded several companies and published research papers and books. Time magazine named him one of the “Unsung Heroes of the 20th Century.” He also promoted Indian art and culture through philanthropy. Dr. Kapany’s creative and scientific work has transformed how we connect and communicate in the modern digital age.

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