There are six major controls of the climate of any place viz., latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents and relief features.
(i) Latitude: Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount of solar energy received differs according to latitude. Thus, air temperature decreases from the equator towards the poles.
(ii) Altitude: At the higher altitude, the atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature decreases. The hills are, therefore, cooler during summers.
(iii) Pressure and wind system: It depends on the latitude and altitude of the place. Thus, it too influences the temperature and rainfall pattern.
(iv) Distance from sea: Sea has its moderating influence on climate. As such when the distance from the sea increases, people experience extreme weather conditions.
(v) Ocean currents: These currents affect the climate of the coastal areas because any coastal area with warm or cold currant will be warmed currant if the winds are onshore.
(vi) Relief: Relief too affects the climate of a place. For example, high mountains act as barriers for cold and hot winds. They may cause precipitation if they are high enough and lie in the path of rain-bearing winds. The leeward side of mountains remains dry.