The distance ‘d’ in calculations involving gravitational force for objects on or near the surface of the Earth is equal to the radius of the Earth, denoted as ‘R’.

The gravitational force experienced by an object near the Earth’s surface depends on its mass and the acceleration due to gravity, which is determined by the mass of the Earth and the distance between the object and the Earth’s center.

The magnitude of gravitational force is determined by multiplying the mass of the object by the acceleration due to gravity, denoted as ‘g’.

According to the second law of motion, force is equal to the product of mass and acceleration.

The acceleration experienced by falling objects due to the Earth’s gravitational force is called the acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by “g” and has the same unit as acceleration, which is meters per second squared (m/s²).