The valency of oxygen, determined by subtracting six electrons from eight, is two.
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Oxygen’s valency can be calculated similarly by subtracting the number of electrons needed to complete the octet (six electrons) from eight.
Fluorine finds it more energetically favorable to gain one electron rather than losing seven electrons due to the high energy required to remove seven electrons.
Fluorine’s valency is determined by subtracting seven electrons (needed to complete the octet) from eight, resulting in a valency of one.
When the outermost shell of an atom is close to being full, valency is determined by subtracting the number of electrons needed to complete the octet from eight.