‘Tabaqat-i-Nasiri’ was written by Minhaj-us-Siraj, a 13th-century historian. The work is an important Persian chronicle detailing the history of early Muslim rule in India, especially the Ghurids, Slave dynasty and early Delhi Sultanate. It provides valuable accounts of rulers like ...
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Nalanda University was destroyed during the invasions led by Bakhtiyar Khilji, a Turkic Muslim general under Muhammad Ghori. He attacked Bihar around 1202–03, burning libraries and killing monks. This assault ended Nalanda’s centuries-old tradition as a global centre of Buddhist ...
Alberuni visited India during Mahmud Ghaznavi’s rule. A brilliant scholar, he accompanied Mahmud’s campaigns and studied Indian culture, religion, mathematics and sciences. His work Kitab-ul-Hind provides an objective and detailed description of India in the early 11th century. Alberuni’s writings ...
This quote describes his unique Afghan theory of kingship, where he was careful not to appear more powerful than the other Afghan nobles. He was the founder of the Lodi dynasty and deliberately adopted the political style of “First Among ...
Firoz Tughlaq introduced welfare-oriented policies, including providing employment to the unemployed. He organised large public works—canals, gardens, buildings—and absorbed many jobless people into these projects. Through state-funded employment schemes, he aimed to reduce social distress and maintain stability. His approach ...