Muhammad bin Tughlaq explored merging Islamic thought with philosophical and mystical ideas, attempting to create a new religious-philosophical system. His ideas were influenced by rationalism and Sufi metaphysics. The Ulema strongly opposed him, fearing deviation from orthodox Islam, contributing to ...
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Ziauddin Barani’s Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi is the most authoritative contemporary source for Balban’s “Blood and Iron” policy. It provides detailed accounts of his strict administration, elimination of the Chahalgani, suppression of rebellions and establishment of harsh court rituals. Earlier sources like ...
Alauddin Khalji created two controlled markets: one for food grains and another for manufactured items like textiles and horses. This separation helped him fix prices accurately, regulate supply, prevent hoarding and maintain a stable economy to support his large standing ...
The Battle of Khanwa (1527) was fought between Babur and Rana Sanga. Before the battle, Babur invoked “Jihad” to motivate his army, abolished the Tamgha tax and later assumed the title “Ghazi” after victory. This battle strengthened Mughal authority in ...
Babur wrote his autobiography, the Tuzuk-i-Baburi or Baburnama, in Chagatai Turkish, his mother tongue. The text describes his life, battles, personal reflections and observations on nature. It is considered one of the finest autobiographies of medieval Asia. ANSWER: (B) Turkish