All three statements are correct. Alauddin Khalji fixed the prices of grains and essential commodities to make soldier salaries effective. He introduced cash payments to soldiers, eliminating dependence on jagir officials. He also increased land revenue assessment to half the ...
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According to Alberuni’s Kitab-ul-Hind (or Tahqiq-i-Hind) in the 11th century, the Antyaj (classes below the Chaturvarna as Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras) included both categories. They encompassed laborers and craftsmen involved in ‘unclean’ trades like washermen, cobblers, weavers, and shield-makers ...
Mubarak Shah Khalji of the Khalji Dynasty declared himself the Caliph, claiming supreme religious and political authority. This was unusual because Indian Sultans usually sought legitimacy from the Abbasid Caliphs. Mubarak Shah’s proclamation reflected his ambition to elevate his status ...