The Third Battle of Panipat (1761 AD) was fought between the forces of the Maratha Confederacy (under the nominal control of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao) and the invading Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali. The Marathas suffered a crushing defeat, ...
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The Portuguese were the European power that provided Shivaji with cannons and ammunition. Shivaji often had diplomatic and military dealings with the Portuguese at Goa and Daman. While he also engaged with the English, the Portuguese were a significant source ...
The Battle of Samugarh (May 1658) is considered the most decisive battle between Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb. Fought near Agra, Aurangzeb’s superior generalship and Dara’s tactical errors resulted in a crushing defeat for Dara. This victory gave Aurangzeb immediate control ...
The main group involved in the overthrow of Razia Begum (r. 1236–1240) was the powerful faction of Turkish nobles, specifically the ‘Chahalgani’ or the Forty. They refused to accept a woman as the sovereign ruler, viewing her ascension and her ...
Alauddin Khalji famously stated this line to emphasize that state welfare was above religious law in governance. He believed strong administration, economic control and political stability required decisions based on practicality, not just Sharia. This philosophy shaped his reforms and ...