Humayun was the Mughal ruler who ruled twice. His first reign (1530-1540) ended after his defeat by Sher Shah Suri, forcing him into a 15-year exile. He reclaimed his throne in 1555 after defeating the Sur dynasty. However, his second ...
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Humayun’s Tomb is located in Delhi, India. Commissioned by his senior widow, Haji Begum and completed in 1570, it is a magnificent example of early Mughal architecture. Its distinctive design, featuring a double-dome and Charbagh (four-part) garden, served as a ...
The meaning of the Jihad waged by Emperor Aurangzeb was the transformation of Dar-ul-Harb (land of war/non-Islamic rule) into Dar-ul-Islam (land of Islam/Islamic rule). This goal underpinned his orthodox policies, including the reimposition of Jaziya and his long, costly military ...
The magnificent Persian epic, ‘Dastan-e-Amir Hamza’ (or Hamzanama), was illustrated under the initial supervision of Mir Sayyid Ali and later completed under Abdus Samad. Commissioned by Emperor Akbar early in his reign, this massive project involved hundreds of large-scale paintings, ...
Emperor Aurangzeb controversially reimposed the Jaziya tax on non-Muslim subjects in 1679 AD. This move reversed the policy of religious tolerance established by his great-grandfather, Akbar, who had abolished the tax in 1564. The reimposition was a key aspect of ...