Tsunamis are caused by the sudden vertical displacement of the seafloor. Thrust or reverse faults, common at subduction zones, push one block of crust upward. This vertical “kick” moves the entire water column above it, creating the massive energy pulse ...
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The shape of an isoseismal line is usually irregular. This is because the Earth’s crust is not homogeneous. Seismic waves travel at different speeds and amplitudes through different materials; they might be muffled by mountains or amplified by soft river ...
The Earthquake focus, also known as the hypocenter, is the exact point within the Earth’s crust where the initial rupture of rocks occurs. This is the origin point from which energy is released in the form of seismic waves. Its ...