Gypsum is used in construction materials such as plasterboard and cement, agriculture as a soil conditioner, and in manufacturing processes such as making molds and casts.

The chemical formula for hydrated gypsum is CaSO4.2H2O, indicating it contains two water molecules as water of crystallization per formula unit.

The chemical formula for hydrated copper sulfate is CuSO4.5H2O, indicating it contains five water molecules per formula unit.

Heating copper sulfate crystals removes water of crystallization, causing them to turn white. Re-moistening the crystals restores their blue color as water molecules are reabsorbed.

Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes, such as removing stains or grease from various surfaces.