Both the twinkling of stars and the wavering in hot air involve atmospheric refraction, but they occur on different scales. Twinkling is caused by the continuous refraction of starlight through the Earth’s atmosphere, while the local wavering is a result ...

The path of rays of light coming from a star undergoes slight variations due to the continuously changing atmospheric conditions. This fluctuation in the path of light rays results in the apparent position of the star fluctuating, leading to variations ...

The apparent position of a star keeps changing slightly due to the continuously varying physical conditions of the Earth’s atmosphere. This fluctuation in the apparent position, coupled with the fact that stars are distant and approximate point-sized sources of light, ...

The atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal during atmospheric refraction. As a result, when a star is viewed near the horizon, its apparent position appears slightly higher (above) than its actual position.

The twinkling of stars is caused by atmospheric refraction of starlight. When starlight enters the Earth’s atmosphere, it undergoes continuous refraction due to the gradually changing refractive index of the atmospheric medium.