Living beings need to perform life processes such as respiration, digestion, circulation, and excretion to survive.

The gravitational force experienced by an object near the Earth’s surface increases with decreasing distance between the object and the Earth’s center, which is typically represented by the radius of the Earth, denoted as ‘R’.

The distance ‘d’ in calculations involving gravitational force for objects on or near the surface of the Earth is equal to the radius of the Earth, denoted as ‘R’.

The gravitational force experienced by an object near the Earth’s surface depends on its mass and the acceleration due to gravity, which is determined by the mass of the Earth and the distance between the object and the Earth’s center.

The magnitude of gravitational force is determined by multiplying the mass of the object by the acceleration due to gravity, denoted as ‘g’.