Abiotic factors such as inappropriate moisture levels and temperatures in storage facilities can create conditions conducive to microbial growth, insect infestations, and biochemical deterioration of stored crops, exacerbating storage losses.

Biotic factors include insects, rodents, fungi, mites, and bacteria. These organisms can infest stored crops, leading to degradation in quality, loss of weight, poor germination, and discoloration, ultimately reducing marketability.

Proper seed bed preparation creates an optimal growing environment for crops, allowing them to establish quickly and compete effectively against pests. Intercropping, or planting different crops together in the same field, disrupts pest breeding cycles and reduces pest populations by ...

Resistant crop varieties are bred or genetically engineered to possess traits that make them less susceptible to pest damage. By planting resistant varieties, farmers can reduce the need for chemical pesticides and minimize crop losses due to pest infestations.

Summer ploughing involves deep ploughing of fields during the summer months when weeds and pests are actively growing. This practice helps expose weed seeds and pests to harsh environmental conditions, such as drying out under the sun or being consumed ...