In Shivaji’s Ashtapradhan, the ‘Sar-e-Naubat’ (also Senapati) meant the Commander-in-Chief. He was responsible for the recruitment, discipline and organization of the Maratha army. Critically, the Sar-e-Naubat was primarily a military officer and had no civil authority, ensuring military power remained ...
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The port of Surat on the west coast was called ‘Bab-ul-Makkah’ (The Gate of Mecca) during the Mughal period. This title was given because it was the primary port from which Muslim pilgrims departed on their annual Hajj journey to ...
Birbal, one of Akbar’s most beloved ‘Nine Jewels,’ was killed in 1586 while suppressing a tribal rebellion of the Yusufzais in the Swat Valley (northwest frontier). Birbal, who was primarily a court wit, was sent in a command role, where ...
Alauddin Khalji’s rule is described as “Centralized Despotism” because he minimized noble power, introduced strict regulations, controlled markets, centralized revenue and asserted the Sultan’s authority above religious law. His policies curbed aristocratic influence and strengthened an absolute, highly centralized monarchy. ...
Babur wrote detailed observations about India’s plants, animals, climate and geography in his memoir, Baburnama. He compared Indian species with those of Central Asia. His descriptions show his curiosity, love for nature and scientific temperament, making the Baburnama an important ...