Historians classify periods by prevailing tool-making technologies, showing progressive mastery over natural resources, metallurgical innovations and socio-economic transformation from rudimentary stone hunting implements to advanced urban civilisations and productive empires.
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River basins provided fertile silt, abundant water and transportation networks, but recurrent seasonal flooding, soil erosion and changing river courses forced societies to invent complex dikes, reservoirs and cooperative governance systems.
Life became more challenging because farming demanded continuous intensive physical labor and created heavy dependence on unpredictable seasonal weather, replacing the dietary flexibility and mobility of earlier nomadic hunter-gatherer communities.
Khetaram termed famine as ‘a way of life’ because severe droughts and crop failures occur persistently in the arid desert, making water scarcity and food shortages a constant reality.
One crop of bajra makes a little difference for people like Khetaram because – it cannot feed a family of five and they would starve without this job.