The mass number (denoted by ‘A’) is calculated as the sum of the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. It represents the atom’s total mass.
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Valency refers to an atom’s combining capacity, determining how many bonds it can form with other atoms. It plays a crucial role in predicting chemical reactions and the formation of compounds.
The valency of oxygen, determined by subtracting six electrons from eight, is two.
Oxygen’s valency can be calculated similarly by subtracting the number of electrons needed to complete the octet (six electrons) from eight.
Fluorine finds it more energetically favorable to gain one electron rather than losing seven electrons due to the high energy required to remove seven electrons.