Aldehydes contain the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Ketones contain the carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O.

Anisole reacts with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids in nitration, yielding a mixture of ortho and para nitroanisole as the product.

Anisole undergoes Friedel-Crafts reaction with alkyl halide and acyl halide in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride as a Lewis acid catalyst. The reaction introduces the alkyl and acyl groups at ortho and para positions.

The alkoxy group is ortho, para directing, and activates the aromatic ring in a manner similar to phenol. In the halogenation of anisole, the methoxy group activates the benzene ring, allowing bromination to occur even without an iron (III) bromide ...

The order of reactivity is HI > HBr > HCl. Cleavage with concentrated HI or HBr at high temperatures results in the formation of tertiary halides when one of the alkyl groups is tertiary, following an SN₁ mechanism due to ...

Alkyl aryl ethers undergo cleavage at the alkyl-oxygen bond, leading to the formation of phenol and alkyl halide. This preference is due to the greater stability of the aryl-oxygen bond.

The cleavage of the C-O bond in ethers happens under drastic conditions with excess hydrogen halides. The reaction of a dialkyl ether yields two alkyl halide molecules.

Ethers, like alcohols, show similar miscibility with water due to the ability of the oxygen atom in ethers to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. The observed miscibility, exemplified by ethoxyethane and butan-1-ol, contrasts with the immiscibility of pentane with ...

The significant difference in boiling points between alcohols and ethers is attributed to the presence of hydrogen bonding in alcohols. Hydrogen bonding increases the intermolecular forces in alcohols, elevating their boiling points compared to ethers.

Ethers have polar C-O bonds, resulting in a net dipole moment. The weak polarity of ethers has a minor impact on boiling points, which are comparable to alkanes but significantly lower than alcohols due to the absence of hydrogen bonding.