Dehydrogenation of alcohols, particularly volatile ones, involves passing alcohol vapors over heavy metal catalysts like Ag or Cu to obtain aldehydes and ketones from primary and secondary alcohols, respectively.

The carbonyl carbon is sp²-hybridized, forming three sigma (σ) bonds. It also forms a π-bond with oxygen by overlap with the p-orbital of carbon.

Aromatic aldehydes are named as substituted benzaldehydes. The IUPAC-accepted common name for the simplest aromatic aldehyde is benzenecarbaldehyde, but benzaldehyde is also accepted by IUPAC.

For cyclic ketones, numbering starts from the end nearer to the carbonyl group. The carbonyl carbon is assigned position one in the naming of cyclic ketones.

IUPAC names of aldehydes and ketones are derived from alkanes by replacing “-e” with “-al” and “-one,” respectively. The longest carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehyde or ketone carbon, and substituents are prefixed alphabetically with position numbers.

Some ketones have historical common names, the simplest dimethyl ketone is called acetone. Alkyl phenyl ketones are usually named by adding the name of acyl group as prefix to the word phenone.

Common names of ketones involve naming two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group. Greek letters (α, α’, β, β’, etc.) indicate the locations of substituents, starting with the carbon atoms next to the carbonyl group.

Common names of aldehydes are derived from corresponding carboxylic acids by replacing “-ic” with “aldehyde.” They often reflect the original source of the acid and indicate the location of substituents with Greek letters.

Aldehydes play an important role in biochemical processes of life. They add fragrance and flavour to nature, for example, vanillin (from vanilla beans), salicylaldehyde (from meadow sweet) and cinnamaldehyde (from cinnamon) have very pleasant fragrances.

The carbonyl compounds in which carbon of carbonyl group is bonded to carbon or hydrogen and oxygen of hydroxyl moiety (-OH) are known as carboxylic acids, while in compounds where carbon is attached to carbon or hydrogen and nitrogen of ...