Methanoic acid is used in rubber, textile, dyeing, leather, and electroplating industries. Ethanoic acid serves as a solvent and is used in the food industry as vinegar. Hexanedioic acid is crucial in manufacturing nylon-6, 6. Esters of benzoic acid find ...
Tiwari Academy Discussion Latest Questions
Aromatic carboxylic acids avoid Friedel-Crafts reactions due to deactivation caused by the carboxyl group. The carboxyl group acts as a deactivating and meta-directing group in electrophilic substitution reactions.
Carboxylic acids with alpha-hydrogens undergo halogenation at the alpha-position using chlorine or bromine in the presence of red phosphorus, a reaction known as Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.
Sodium borohydride is ineffective in reducing the carboxyl group in carboxylic acids. Diborane is preferred for reduction as it selectively targets the carboxyl group without affecting other functional groups like ester, nitro, or halo groups.
Carboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation, losing carbon dioxide, when heated with sodalime (NaOH and CaO). Kolbe electrolysis involves the decarboxylation of alkali metal salts of carboxylic acids during electrolysis, resulting in hydrocarbons with twice the carbon atoms in the alkyl group.
Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols using lithium aluminium hydride or diborane. Diborane is preferable as it avoids reduction of other functional groups.
Direct attachment of groups like phenyl or vinyl increases the acidity of carboxylic acids, contrary to the expected decrease due to resonance effects. This is attributed to the greater electronegativity of the sp² hybridized carbon to which the carboxyl carbon ...
Electron-withdrawing groups enhance carboxylic acid acidity, stabilizing the conjugate base, while electron-donating groups decrease acidity. The increasing acidity order of substituents is Ph < I < Br < Cl < F < CN < NO₂ < CF₃.
Substituents affect carboxylic acid acidity by influencing the stability of the conjugate base. Electron-withdrawing groups increase acidity by stabilizing the conjugate base through inductive and/or resonance effects, while electron-donating groups decrease acidity by destabilizing the conjugate base.
Carboxylic acids are more acidic than phenols because the carboxylate ion, the conjugate base of carboxylic acids, is more stabilized with two equivalent resonance structures, while the phenoxide ion has non-equivalent resonance structures, leading to less effective delocalization and lower ...