The equation q₁ + q₂ = 0 signifies that the two charges are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, meaning they form an electric dipole. An electric dipole consists of a pair of equal and opposite charges separated by ...

The SI unit of the surface integral of the electric field is Nm²C⁻¹. This follows from Gauss’s law, which states that the surface integral of the electric field over a closed surface equals the enclosed charge divided by the permittivity ...

The correct answer is (b) Quantisation of charge. Charge is always an integral multiple of the elementary charge e because charge exists in discrete packets carried by fundamental particles like electrons and protons. This is known as the quantisation of ...

To determine the outgoing flux through the surface, we use Gauss’s Law, which states: Φ = Qenc/ε0 where Qenc is the total enclosed charge. Given charges: +5Q,−3Q,+2Q,−4Q ​Total enclosed charge: Qenc = 5Q−3Q+2Q−4Q = 0 Since the total enclosed charge ...

The correct answer is (d) On the outer surface of the sphere. In a conducting sphere, free charges redistribute themselves and reside only on the outer surface due to electrostatic repulsion, ensuring there is no electric field inside the conductor ...