Hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages, van der Waals, and electrostatic forces stabilize the tertiary structure, representing the overall folding of polypeptide chains. The quaternary structure involves the spatial arrangement of subunits in proteins composed of two or more polypeptide chains.
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Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are insoluble in water, stored in liver and adipose tissues, while water-soluble vitamins (B group, C) must be regularly supplied in the diet due to easy excretion except for vitamin B₁₂.
Coined from “vital” + “amine,” the term “vitamin” originally suggested compounds with amino groups. However, since most vitamins lack amino groups, the letter ‘e’ was dropped, and the term is used to describe essential organic compounds for health and growth.
Vitamins are designated by alphabets (A, B, C, D, etc.), with sub-groups like B₁, B₂, etc. Excessive vitamin intake can be harmful, emphasizing the importance of consuming them in appropriate amounts for optimum growth and health.
Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for specific biological functions, and their deficiency can lead to diseases. While most vitamins cannot be synthesized in our body, plants and gut bacteria contribute to our vitamin intake.