Cultural expressions like Bankim Chandra’s Vande Mataram, Tagore’s patriotic songs and Abanindranath Tagore’s Indian-style paintings inspired pride and unity. Revival of Indian traditions, art and literature awakened nationalism and strengthened emotional bonds among Indians against British colonial rule.
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The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to rural areas as peasants, workers and tribals joined it against British exploitation. In Awadh, Baba Ramchandra led peasants; tribals in Andhra protested forest laws and farmers in Punjab fought revenue demands—uniting villages in resistance.
Expanding the tertiary sector in rural areas can create jobs in education, healthcare, transport, banking and IT. It reduces migration, supports local development and improves rural income and living standards.
Political parties contest elections, represent citizens’ interests and form governments. They frame policies, provide political choice, ensure accountability and connect people with the government in a democratic system.
India’s 1990s liberalisation reduced trade barriers, encouraged foreign investments and opened markets. Policies like FDI and export promotion linked India to the global economy, promoting industrial growth and global integration.