1. The atmosphere has five main layers, arranged from the Earth's surface outward: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere. The Troposphere (up to ~12 km) is where temperature decreases with altitude and all weather phenomena occur. The Stratosphere (up to 50 km) contains theRead more

    The atmosphere has five main layers, arranged from the Earth’s surface outward: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere. The Troposphere (up to ~12 km) is where temperature decreases with altitude and all weather phenomena occur. The Stratosphere (up to 50 km) contains the ozone layer and is ideal for flying aeroplanes. The Mesosphere (up to 80 km) is where temperature again decreases with altitude and meteorites burn up. The Thermosphere (80–700 km) has rapidly rising temperature and contains the ionosphere, where auroras occur. The Exosphere is the outermost layer with very thin air, where light gases escape into space. (A labelled diagram showing these layers with increasing height on the vertical axis should be drawn, marking the boundaries: tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause.)

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  2. The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth, held by gravity, and vital for the survival of living beings. It is composed mainly of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with small amounts of argon (0.93%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and other gases (0.03%) including water vapour and duRead more

    The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth, held by gravity, and vital for the survival of living beings. It is composed mainly of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with small amounts of argon (0.93%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and other gases (0.03%) including water vapour and dust particles. Nitrogen and oxygen together make up about 99% of the atmosphere, while the remaining gases, though present in small quantities, play important roles such as trapping heat (carbon dioxide) and supporting cloud formation and precipitation (water vapour). The composition also varies with altitude.

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  3. Social Science helps us understand the systems (roads, schools, markets, digital spaces) that shape our daily lives. It explains why differences in language, customs, and occupation exist and helps us recognise the underlying unity within diversity. It also prepares us to participate responsibly inRead more

    Social Science helps us understand the systems (roads, schools, markets, digital spaces) that shape our daily lives. It explains why differences in language, customs, and occupation exist and helps us recognise the underlying unity within diversity. It also prepares us to participate responsibly in civic life, think critically about shared challenges like environment and employment, and connects the past, present, and future to help us make wiser choices.

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  4. History writing draws on archaeological and literary traditions such as travelogues, memoirs, correspondence, genealogical records, folklore and oral traditions, and revenue documents. Archaeological sources include monuments, architectural structures, excavated sites, artefacts, objects, and art suRead more

    History writing draws on archaeological and literary traditions such as travelogues, memoirs, correspondence, genealogical records, folklore and oral traditions, and revenue documents. Archaeological sources include monuments, architectural structures, excavated sites, artefacts, objects, and art such as sculptures and paintings, often analysed using scientific instruments and laboratory testing.

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  5. A drought affects crops (environment), farmers' incomes (economy), government relief measures (politics), migration to cities (society), and traditional ways of coping with scarcity (culture). To understand such situations, we must examine society from different perspectives. This is why Social ScieRead more

    A drought affects crops (environment), farmers’ incomes (economy), government relief measures (politics), migration to cities (society), and traditional ways of coping with scarcity (culture). To understand such situations, we must examine society from different perspectives. This is why Social Science is not a single subject but a group of related disciplines that together provide a comprehensive understanding of society.

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