Gabriel synthesis involves treating phthalimide with ethanolic potassium hydroxide, followed by heating with alkyl halide and alkaline hydrolysis to produce primary amines. However, this method cannot be used for aromatic primary amines as aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution ...

Methanoic acid is used in rubber, textile, dyeing, leather, and electroplating industries. Ethanoic acid serves as a solvent and is used in the food industry as vinegar. Hexanedioic acid is crucial in manufacturing nylon-6, 6. Esters of benzoic acid find ...

Aromatic carboxylic acids avoid Friedel-Crafts reactions due to deactivation caused by the carboxyl group. The carboxyl group acts as a deactivating and meta-directing group in electrophilic substitution reactions.

Carboxylic acids with alpha-hydrogens undergo halogenation at the alpha-position using chlorine or bromine in the presence of red phosphorus, a reaction known as Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.

Sodium borohydride is ineffective in reducing the carboxyl group in carboxylic acids. Diborane is preferred for reduction as it selectively targets the carboxyl group without affecting other functional groups like ester, nitro, or halo groups.