Evaporation separates salt from seawater by heating the water until it turns into vapor, leaving the salt crystals behind. The water vapor can then be condensed and collected separately.
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A separating funnel separates immiscible liquids based on density. By allowing the liquids to settle, the denser liquid collects at the bottom, and the lighter liquid can be poured off from the top.
A thermometer measures temperature by detecting changes in a material, like liquid expansion or sensor resistance, which corresponds to the temperature scale on the device.
The freezing point of water, 0°C or 32°F, serves as a reference point for many temperature scales and helps calibrate thermometers.
Thermal equilibrium is the state in which two objects in contact no longer exchange heat because they have reached the same temperature.