Aldehydes contain the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Ketones contain the carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O.

Alkenes undergo acid-catalyzed hydration in the presence of water and acid catalyst, forming alcohols. In the case of unsymmetrical alkenes, the addition follows Markovnikov’s rule.

In ethers, the four electron pairs on oxygen, two bond pairs and two lone pairs, are arranged approximately tetrahedrally. The bond angle is slightly greater than the tetrahedral angle due to repulsive interactions between the two bulky (–R) groups attached ...

In phenol, the carbon–oxygen bond length is shorter (136 pm) than in methanol due to partial double bond character resulting from the conjugation of the unshared electron pair of oxygen with the aromatic ring and the sp² hybridization of the ...

The sigma (σ) bond in alcohols is formed by overlap between a sp³ hybridized orbital of carbon and a sp³ hybridized orbital of oxygen. The bond angle is slightly less than tetrahedral (109°-28’) due to repulsion between the unshared electron ...