Milk production is influenced by the duration of the lactation period, which is the period of milk production after the birth of a calf.

Indian cattle belong to two different species: Bos indicus (cows) and Bos bubalis (buffaloes).

Cattle husbandry is primarily done for milk production and draught labor for agricultural activities like tilling, irrigation, and carting.

Exotic or foreign breeds like Jersey and Brown Swiss are selected for long lactation periods.

Local breeds like Red Sindhi and Sahiwal exhibit excellent resistance to diseases, making them valuable for cattle husbandry in diverse environments.

Milch animals, also known as dairy animals, are females used for milk production, while draught animals are used for farm labor.

To meet the increasing demand for animal products while addressing concerns about animal welfare and sustainability, there is a pressing need to improve livestock production through enhanced management practices, breeding programs, and disease control measures.

Growing awareness of the need for humane treatment of livestock has led to new limitations in livestock farming, including regulations and standards aimed at ensuring animal welfare.

The increasing population and rising living standards contribute to the growing demand for milk, eggs, and meat as staple sources of protein and nutrition.

Animal-based farming typically includes cattle, goats, sheep, poultry (such as chickens and ducks), and fish farming.