Varna denotes the four broad theoretical social categories, whereas jati refers to numerous localized, endogamous communities. Jatis proliferated through occupational specialization, inter-varna marriages, regional migrations and integration of tribal groups.
What do the terms varna and jati refer to in early Indian society? How were they different and what factors may have contributed to the formation of various jatis?
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(i) Meaning and difference: Varna comprised the four theoretical, functional divisions of society, whereas jatis were countless localized, endogamous communities based on birth and specific trade occupations. (ii) Contributing factors: The proliferation of multiple jatis was driven by expanding occupational specialization, the formation of specialized craft guilds, intermarriages across social groups, regional migrations and the gradual assimilation of indigenous tribal communities.
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