Punjab and Haryana’s rice cultivation benefits from advanced irrigation, mechanization and high-yielding varieties, supporting commercial production. In contrast, Odisha’s reliance on traditional methods and limited mechanization results in rice being cultivated primarily for subsistence purposes.
In 2025, Punjab and Haryana experienced uneven monsoon rainfall, leading to concerns over irrigation and crop health. Meanwhile, Odisha’s rice cultivation faced challenges due to traditional farming methods and limited mechanization. Using your understanding of geographical factors and economic practices, explain why rice cultivation differs in these regions.
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