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The decline of the Harappan cities is attributed to several interrelated factors, including climatic changes and environmental degradation. A significant shift towards arid conditions around 2000 BCE led to decreased monsoon rains, resulting in droughts that impacted agriculture and water availability. Additionally, the drying up of rivers, particularly the Sarasvatī, hampered irrigation and trade routes. Social factors, such as potential internal strife or migration due to resource scarcity, may have further contributed to the urban centers’ gradual abandonment, marking the end of this once-thriving civilization.
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The decline of Harappan cities is closely linked to climate change, which resulted in a significantly drier climate around 2000 BCE. This shift caused the Sarasvatī River to dry up, disrupting the irrigation systems that were vital for agriculture. As crop yields declined due to insufficient water, food shortages likely forced communities to abandon their cities in search of more sustainable environments. The combination of these climatic and environmental factors ultimately led to the collapse of one of the earliest urban civilizations in history. Therefore option 2 is correct answer.
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