A Caldera is strictly associated with volcanoes. It is a large, cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a large explosive eruption. This structural collapse creates a basin much larger than the original vent, ...
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A Dike is a type of intrusive (plutonic) volcanic landform. It is formed when magma forces its way vertically or sub-vertically through existing rock layers and solidifies. Unlike a sill, which is horizontal and parallel to rock layers, a dike ...
A Meander is a landform created by fluvial (river) action, not volcanic activity. It refers to the winding curves or bends in a river’s course caused by erosion and deposition. Sills, dikes, lava plateaus and lava plains are all formed ...
A Fjord is not related to volcanic activity; it is a glacial landform. It is a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs, formed by the submergence of a glaciated valley. Craters, calderas and geysers are all ...
Krakatoa (Indonesia) is the best example of a dormant volcano in this list. While it had a catastrophic eruption in 1883 and is active today (through its “child,” Anak Krakatau), it is often categorized as dormant in historical contexts because ...