Transpiration, the loss of water in the form of water vapor, occurs through stomata. Stomata open to allow water vapor to escape from the plant, contributing to the movement of water through the plant and the maintenance of water balance.

The epidermis plays a crucial role in plant survival by providing a protective barrier against environmental stresses such as water loss, mechanical damage, and pathogen invasion, thus promoting overall plant health and functioning.

Epidermal cells are relatively flat and often have thicker outer and side walls compared to the inner wall, distinguishing them from other plant cells.

The waxy layer aids in protection against loss of water, mechanical injury, and invasion by parasitic fungi.

The epidermis is thicker in plants living in dry habitats because protection against water loss is critical in such environments.