Ionic compounds are hard and brittle due to the strong force of attraction between the positive and negative ions, leading to the formation of a rigid crystalline structure.
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“Lilavati” is a historical mathematical treatise written in the 12th century. Covering arithmetic, algebra, and geometry, the book is named after the author’s daughter and remains a significant work in mathematics.
Iron filings burn vigorously due to their fine particle size, enhancing reactivity with oxygen. Copper, when heated, does not burn, but it forms a black-colored layer of copper(II) oxide on its surface.
The thin layer of oxide acts as a protective layer, preventing further oxidation of the metal at ordinary temperatures.
Metals like potassium and sodium react vigorously with oxygen and can catch fire if exposed to air. Keeping them immersed in kerosene oil prevents accidental fires and protects them from reacting with atmospheric oxygen.