In tetrahedral complexes, one s and three p orbitals undergo hybridization to form four equivalent orbitals arranged tetrahedrally. This hybridization is demonstrated in [NiCl₄]²⁻, where nickel is in the +2 oxidation state.

[Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ is an inner orbital or low spin complex, using the inner d orbital (3d) in hybridization, while the paramagnetic complex [CoF₆]³⁻ is an outer orbital or high spin complex, utilizing the outer d orbital (4d) in hybridization.

The complex utilizes inner orbital (3d) hybridization, forming six pairs of electrons from NH₃ ligands in octahedral geometry, resulting in diamagnetism due to the absence of unpaired electrons.

The magnetic behavior of a complex can provide insights into its geometry; for example, diamagnetic complexes like [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ suggest octahedral geometry due to the absence of unpaired electrons.

Werner’s theory couldn’t explain the selective formation of coordination compounds by specific elements, the directional properties of their bonds, and their distinct magnetic and optical features.