Carbon’s ability to form bonds with other carbon atoms, known as catenation, enables the formation of long chains, branched structures, or rings in carbon compounds. This property contributes to the vast diversity of carbon compounds.

Covalently bonded molecules have strong intramolecular bonds but weak intermolecular forces, resulting in low melting and boiling points. Since no charged particles are formed, these compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.

Methane (CH₄) is formed by carbon sharing its four valence electrons with four hydrogen atoms, forming covalent bonds. The molecule lacks charged particles, contributing to its low melting and boiling points.

The electron dot structure of NH₃ shows that each hydrogen atom shares electrons with nitrogen, forming single covalent bonds and allowing all four atoms to attain stable noble gas configurations.

Animals, such as squirrels, prepare for activities like fighting or running away through the release of the hormone adrenaline from the adrenal glands, facilitating widespread changes in various tissues to conserve energy and coordinate responses.

Auxin is synthesized at the shoot tip and, when light is detected, it diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot. Concentration of auxin on the shaded side stimulates cell growth, causing the plant to bend towards the light.

Hormones in multicellular organisms coordinate growth, development, and responses to the environment. In plants, hormones like auxin are synthesized away from the area of action and diffuse to that area, influencing cellular responses.

Releasing a chemical compound enables diffusion around the original cell, potentially reaching all cells in the body. This chemical communication can be slower but reaches cells beyond nervous connections, ensuring steady and persistent transmission of information.

Most multicellular organisms use chemical communication between cells due to the limitations of electrical impulses, ensuring broader communication beyond cells connected by nervous tissue and allowing for sustained signaling.

Cells require time to reset their mechanisms after generating and transmitting an electrical impulse, preventing continuous creation and transmission of such impulses.