Mahmud Ghaznavi’s first invasion of India targeted the Hindu Shahi or Brahmansahi kingdom ruled by Jaipal. This region controlled the frontier areas of Punjab and blocked access to the Indian plains. Defeating Jaipal allowed Mahmud to consolidate his position and ...
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Mahmud Ghaznavi held the titles “Yamin ud Daula,” meaning the right hand of the empire, and “Amin ul Millat,” meaning the protector of Muslims. These titles were granted by the Abbasid Caliph, giving Mahmud religious legitimacy and political prestige. They ...
Mahmud Ghaznavi proudly referred to himself as an “idol breaker” due to his repeated destruction of temples and religious idols during his campaigns in India, especially at Somnath. This title enhanced his religious image among his supporters. However, his underlying ...
Mahmud Ghaznavi was the first prominent Turkic ruler to invade India in 1000 AD. His repeated attacks targeted wealthy temples and prosperous cities, enabling him to amass huge riches. Although he did not attempt permanent conquest, his invasions exposed India’s ...
Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan traveller and scholar who visited India during Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s reign in the 14th century. He served as the Qazi of Delhi and later wrote his famous travel account Rihla, describing India’s society, administration, culture ...