Firdausi, author of the epic Shahnama, was not part of Mahmud Ghaznavi’s Indian expeditions. Though he lived during Mahmud’s time, he worked mainly in Persia. The historians who actually documented Mahmud’s rule were Alberuni (Kitab-ul-Hind), Utbi (Tarikh-i-Yamini), and Vaihaki (Tarikh-i-Subuktagin). ...
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Mahmud Ghaznavi belonged to the Yamini dynasty, named after his title “Yamin ud Daula.” His father Sabuktigin founded this dynasty. Under Mahmud, the dynasty expanded its territories in Central Asia, Afghanistan and parts of Punjab. The Yamini rulers played a ...
The Hindu Shahi kingdom’s capital was Udbhandapur, also known as Vaihind or Ohind, located near the Indus River. It served as a major political and military centre. The region controlled important trade and invasion routes. Its fall to Mahmud Ghaznavi ...
Jaipal, the Hindu Shahi ruler, committed suicide out of shame after suffering repeated defeats by the Turks, especially Mahmud Ghaznavi. He felt dishonoured despite paying huge tributes. Unable to bear the humiliation, he immolated himself. His death marked a turning ...
Mahmud Ghaznavi’s last invasion in India was directed against the Jats of Punjab. After returning from Somnath, he found the Jats troubling his armies and obstructing movement. He launched a punitive campaign against them to secure his routes. This attack ...